________________ Paryaya (Mode, Modification or Manifestation) 97 Some definitions of paryaya as given by various Acharyas are as follows : - Different states of the substance which is due to its own nature or due to supportive or opposing attributes acting as causative entities (naimattika) from all angles is modelo. - That which transforms / moves in a natural or unnatural manner is mode. Generic and specific attributes define a substance and their transformation results in modes every momenti - Different states of the real from the beginning occurring every moment are called modes12. - Transformation results in different states of the attributes. These momentary states of the attributes are called modes13. Paryaya, paryaya and paryava are synonyms14. Similarly vyavahara, vikalpa, bheda and paryaya are synonyms15. 3. Discussions 3.1 Substance, Mode and Attributes-Are they Identical or Different Dravya15 in reality can neither be created nor destroyed; it has only permanent substantiality. But through its modes, it secures the triple qualities of permanence, appearance and disappearance. According to substance viewpoint, gold can neither be created nor destroyed. It exists and that is all. But ornaments and other things made out of gold are its modes. These may change i.e. one ornament may be melted and converted to other one. Thus it also stands that there is neither substance without mode nor mode without substance. Ornament is different than gold in name or significance or utility etc., but still there can be no ornament apart from gold and gold apart form some form or mode of it. This also implies that there can be no destruction of things that neither exist, nor can there be creation of things out of nothing. Coming into existence and ceasing to exist, things do have because of their attributes and modes. Jiva or atma is real and existent. The qualities of jiva are consciousness (cetana) and its manifestation (upayoga i.e. perception and knowledge), which are manifold. The soul manifests in different forms as heavenly or human or sub-human or hellish beings. Having a particular gati and the duration in that gati by the jiva is
