________________ Paryaya (Mode, Modification or Manifestation) 101 height and other characteristics will enable us to identify a specific tree as different from other trees of the same class. 4.0 Discussion : Paryaya as discussed by other Philosophies Since paryaya is a definitive word and concept of Jain philosophy, its comparison with other philosophies cannot be made on one to one basis. Discussions in this section are therefore very approximate as different Indian and Western Philosophies have fundamental differences with Jains in the definition of REAL (sat) itself, which forms the basis of in the definition of paryaya. 4.1 Paryaya as Discussed in other Indian Philosophies Buddhists: Being a believer of multiple forms of substance elements existing and the change (continuous origination and decay being the real), as per paryaya's definition in section 2.0 earlier, we can surmise that they consider paryaya as independent of substance and real as against Jains who consider both substance and its modes as real. Vedant : They consider only Brahma as real, inert and this world as an amalgam of maya with local Brahma with no attributes. Samkhya : They believe in two basic constituents of this world namely purusa (sentient and without any other attributes) and prakrti (insentient), which is the cause of this entire perceptible world. Amalgam of purusa and prakrti is this universe. Prakrti is active and goes through transformation continuously (25 types or stages identified). As per the definition of paryaya in section 2.0 the 25 variations of prakrti may be approximated to paryaya. 4.2. Paryaya as discussed by Western Philosophers21 Aristotle talks of substance (form) and matter or potential. According to him, even though the substance is inert, eternal, still it is the basis / foundation of all transformations /results. So he talks of form/ substance and matter where primary is the distinction between form and matter, which is present throughout the world. When something stands to something else as the more perfect, the former is called for and the latter is called matter. Thus substance is the pre stage and matter is the post stage after change. Hence everything in this universe is both the substance at one point of time and the matter at next moment. Substance can become matter
