________________
THE PURE AND THE AUSPICIOUS IN THE JAINA TRADITION
२३
Notes & References:
This article was published originally in Journal of Developing Societies, Vol. I, pp. 84-93, E.J. Brill, 1985 Reprinted with kind permission of E.J. Brill, Leiden. Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchicus (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1970). See P.S. Jaini, "Sramaņas : Their Conflict with Brahmanical Society, in J.W. Elder, ed. Chapters in Indian Civilization, I, (Dubuque, lowa :
Kendall Hunt, 1970), pp. 39-81. 3. ...na eyam bhūyam'na eyam bhavvam, na eyam
bhavissam, jam ņam arahamtā vā cakkavatti vā... bhikkhāyakulesu vā māhanakulesu vä āyāimsu. Kalpasutra.21 See H. Jacobi, tr., Jaina Sütras, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXII, pt. 1, p. 225. It should be noted that the Digambara Jainas reject the authenticity of this Svetāmbara scripture and also do not admit the legend
pertaining to Mahāvira's change of womb. 4. Vincent A. Şmith, The Jain Stūpa and Other
Antiquities of Mathura (1901; reprint ed.,
Varanasi: Indological Book House, 1969). 5. According to the Jaina tradition all the twenty-
four Tīrtharkaras of the present age were born into the Ksatriya families (17 in the Ikşvākuvamsa, 2 in the Harivamsa, 1 (Pārsva) in the Ugravamsa and 1(Mahāvīra) in the the Nāthavamsa). For details see Jinendra varni, Jainendra-Siddhānta-Kosa, 4 vols. (Delhi : Bhāratiya Jñānapitha, 1970-73). ...Buddhā nāma Vessakule vā Suddakule vā na nibbattanti, lokasammute pana Khattiyakule vā Brāhmanakule va dvisu yeva kulesu nibbattanti, idāni ca Khattiyakulam lokasammutam, tattha nibbattissāmīti....jātakatthavannanā, ed. V. Fausboll, Vol I, Pali Text Society, (reprinted, 1963), p. 40. In conformity with this belief the Buddhists have stated that of the twenty-five Buddhas of the present period, twenty-two Buddhas were born into the Khşatriya families
and three (Konāgamana, Kakusandha and Kassapa, Nos, 22, 23 and 24) were born into the Brahman families. See Buddhavamsa and Cariyapitaka, ed. N.A. Jayawickrama, Pali Text
Society, 1974. 7. For the Jaina speculations on the origin of the
castes, see P.S. Jaini, 1974, "Jina Rşabha as an avatāra of Vişnu," in Bulletin of the school of Oriental (anf) African Studies, XL, pt. 2
(University of London, 1974), pp. 321-337. 8. For the Digambara account, see Adipurāņa (of
Jinasena), Part I, ch. 38-40 (Varanasi : Bhärātiya Jñānapitha, 1963). For the Svetāmbara account, see Trişasti-salākāpuruşacarita (of Hemacandra), Vol. I., in The Lives of Sixty-three Illustrious Persons, tr. Helen M. Johnson, Vol I (Baroda :
Oriental Institute, 1962). 9. Bharato 'the samāhūya śrāvakān abhyadhād idam/ gļhe madiye bhoktavyam yuşmābhiḥ prativasaram// krsyādi na vidhātavyam kintu svādhyāyatatparaih apūrvajñānagrahanam kurvānaiḥ sthyeyam anvayam/
bhuktvā ca me ntikagataiḥ pathaniyam idam sadā/ jito bhavān vardhate bhis tasmān mā hana mā hana/ ... krameņa māhanās te tu brāhmaṇā iti viśrutāḥ.../
Trişaștiśalākāpuruşacaritra, I, 8, 227-248. 10. On the 23rd Tirthankara Pārsva, see M.
Bloomfield, The Life and Stories of the Jaina Savior Pārsvanātha (Baltimore : University of
Maryland Press, 1919). 11. For further details on the Jaina priestly castes,
see V.A. Sangave, Jaina Community: A Social
survey (Bombay : Popular Book Depot, 1959). 12. For a detailed description of the Jaina forms of
worship see P.S. Jaini, The Jaina Path of Purification (Berkeley: California Press, 1979). It should be noted that many Jaina temples have images of yakşas or "guardian spirits" who are worshipped by the laity. These are invoked by mantras and are believed to manifest themselves in their images. However, the Jaina layman is admonished to refrain from treating them as
Jain Education Intemational
For Private & Personal Use Only
www.jainelibrary.org
