Basic Mathematics

Author(s): L C Jain
Publisher: Rajasthan Prakrit Bharti Sansthan Jaipur

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quotations in Ardha-māgadhi and Prakrit are met with in several works. The Dhavala contains a large number of such quotations. These quotations will be considered at their proper places, but it must be noted here that they prove beyond doubt the existence of mathematical works written by Jaina Scholars which are now lost."'15
Silanka has commented on Sūtrakṛtānga Sutra, Smayadhyayana, Anuyogadvāra, verse 28, quotes three rules regarding permutations and combinations, which belong to some Jaina mathematical work.
Bhaskara I has also quoted a number of passages in Prakṛta verses and seem to have been taken from Jaina sources. 16 Mathematical Works of Jaina scholars under the names, Kşetra-Samasa and Karaṇa-bhāvanā, are not available. Similarly Yativṛşabha quoted verses from Aggayani, Ditṭhivada, Parikamma, Mūlāyāra, Loyavinicchaya, Loyavibhaga and Logain, which are not traceable now.17
(c) Recognition :
Singh recognised that the knowledge of Jaina mathematics which is of an extremely fragmentary character is gleaned from a few non-mathematical works as Sthananga-sutra, Tattvārthadhigama-sutra-bhāṣya of Umāsvāti, Suryaprajñapti, Anuyogadvara-sūtra, Trilokaprajñapti, Triloksara, Jambudviprajňapti, Lokavibhāga, Bhagavati-sūtra, Kalpasūtra, Candraprajňapti, Jyotişakaran daka, etc., to which now be added the Dhavala. 18 Regarding the importance of the Dhavala, Singh remarks, "The Dhavala was written by Virasena in the beginning of the ninth century. Virasena was a philosopher and religious divine. He certainly was not a mathematician. The mathematical material contained in the Dhavala may therefore be attributed to previous writers, especially to the previous commentators of whom five have been mentioned by Indranandi in the Srutavatara. These commentators were Kundakunda, Shamakunda, Tumbulura, Samantabhadra and Bappadeva, of whom the first flourished about 200 A. D. and the last about 600 A. D. Most of the mathematical material in the Dhavala may therefore be taken to belong to the period 200 to 600 A. D. Thus the Dhavala becomes a work of first rate
15. Cf. ibid.
16. Shukla, K. S., Hindu Mathematics in the seventh century as found in Bhaskara-I's commentary on Aryabhatiya, Gapita, 22.1, 115-130; 22.1, 61-68; 23.1, 57-79; 41-50.
17. Tiloyapanņatti, part II., intro. 11-12. 18. Cf. bibliography.
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