Basic Mathematics

Author(s): L C Jain
Publisher: Rajasthan Prakrit Bharti Sansthan Jaipur

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developing higher algebra. The Greeks developed geometry also independently, but for the Greeks it was simply applied arithmetic. During the Roman period as well, when predictive astrology developed, the astronomy of Egypt remained behind that of Greece and Babylon. However, the comparison between the Jaina School & Egyptian mathematics is as follows:
1. Not only in the Moscow Papyrus, 114 but in the Rhind Papyrus as well
(c.-1700), the value of n is (16)2 or 3.1605. The same value of 7 appears in Trilokasāra115 of Nemicandra (c. +11th century). The other value used in Tiloyapanpatti is ✓ 10 which resembles the former to two places of decimals.
2. At the sun-temple of Edfu in Egypt (-100), the formula used for finding
area of trapeziums is the same as that used in Tiloyapannatt1.116
One more value of 7 used by Egyptians 117 is 3.2 which appears to be
the same as that used by Virasena118 in Dhavalā as 11. 4, Rajju119, a cosmological measure in Jaina texts appears in Egypti20 as
the rules of the rope in the ratio of 3: 4: 5.
5. The method of duplatio and mediatio in Egypt121 appears in Jaina texts
as squaring and ardhaccheda or vargasalākā extraction operations. The
rules of false position of Egypt appear in Mahāvira122 and elsewhere. 6. Virasena uses formulae for finding volumes of frusta of pyramids on
square base, as appear in Egypt123.
(c) Greece and Jaina School
Neugebauer, Becker and Reidemeister, finding that algebra does not
114. Cf. Coolidge, J. L., A History of Geometrical Methods, Oxford, (1940), p. 11. These values for 7 have been in use from ancient times to the
eval period, and suggest problems of the source, when they appear simultaneously in different civilizations far apart. 115, V. 18, op. cit. Cf-also other texts of Karaņānuyoga. 116. VV. 1-165, 181. Cf, also Şatkhandagama, Book 4, v.v. 1, 3 etc. 117. Heath, op. cit, vol. 1, p. 125. 118. Şagkhan dāgama, book-4, v. 14, p. 40. 119. T. P. G., pp. 99-101. 120. Waerden, op. cit., p. 6. 121. Ibid., p. 18. 122. Ganitaśāra samgraha. 123. Cf. Waerden, op. cit., pp. 34-35; Cf. also T. P. G., pp-25, et seq.
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