Atma Dharma

Author(s): Champat Rai Jain
Publisher: Champat Rai Jain

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and endowed with sensible properties. This gives us our second substance, which is termed pudgala (matter).
Now, we observe four kinds of changes taking place in different bodies, namely, changes of place, changes of condition, and changes of movement and stationariness or rest. A thing is now here and again at another place: this is called a change of place. A thing may be now unripe and then ripe : this is change of condition. A thing is now in motion, and again comes to rest, or it may be now stationary and later on in motion: these are known as changes of movement and stationariness, respectively. But since these changes cannot be brought about except with the aid of certain helpful causes, we must presume the existence of these causes as separate substances. We thus have Space as the helpful cause of changes of place; Time as that of changes of condition; and two kinds of ether for the remaining two kinds of changes. These six substances are known as jiva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, kala and âkâsha. The jiva is to be dis
*Cf. "The distinguishing features of jiva dravya (spirit or soul) are not found in akasha, kala, pudgala, dharma and adharma; for this reason, they are called unconscious, while the jiva has consciousness. That which is enjoyable through the senses, the senses themselves, the body, mind and karmas and all else that is endowed with sensible qualities, is pudgala (matter)." Panchastikaya, by Swami Kundkundâ - charya,
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