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Presidential Address
805
existence. What saves this view from being ranked as crude materialism is the use of the word 'emergent' which only hides its real character.
Alexander says: "Out of certain physiological conditions nature has framed a new quality of mind which is therefore not itself physiological though it lives and moves and has its being in physiological conditions. ......mind is thus at once new and old." "Out of three sounds" like browning's musician, "C Nature frames not a fourth sound but a star." At the same time, says Alexander, mind is through its physiological character continuous with the neural processes, and yet not an epiphenomenon of the neural process, not a kind of aura which surrounds that process but plays no effective part of its own.' But he admits at the same time that there is no evidence to show that the particular neural process would possess its specific neural character if it were not also mental. This last is an important statement which if worked out to its logical conclusion should prove fatal to materialism. Moreover, the argument based on physiological conditions of mental activity fails to distinguish between cause and conditions of manifestation.
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III
Another thinker of the present day who illustrates the influence of Science on Philosophy is Bertrand Russell. Unlike Alexander, a veteran metaphysician, Russell is a neophyte in the temple of Philosophy, having wandered into it from his original home of Mathematics and Physics. His adventure, however,
