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Presidential Address
as to amount to a veritable danger to civilization. In the same way, the old economics based upon the lights of individuals is becoming a dead letter and is steadily being replaced by socialism. Moreover, the very boundaries of these as well as of physical sciences are now running into one another, so that to-day we see a great many scientists doing their work of research on the frontiers of the different sciences.
VIII
Another marked tendency of contemporary philosophy noticeable in some quarters is what may be called anti-intellectualism or anti-rationalism. While there is little real justification for regarding the teachings of the Upanishads, of Samkara Vedānta, of Socrates, of Spinoza, of Hegel and the NeoHegelians as intellectualism in the narrow sense of the word, the use of the word Jnana in the first, and of 'reason,' 'intellect,' and 'idea' in the rest, has given rise to this misapprehension. In the church history of Christianity anti-intellectualism has originated a movement well-known as Fundamentalism which places unquestioning faith in certain dogmas of the Christian Faith and refuses to rationalise them on the ground that it leads intellectual confusion and takes Christianity off its moorings. In Philosophy the anti-intellectualist or alogistic atitude, as it may be comprehensively called, has expressed itself in two forms, Activism and Mysticism. Prominent representatives of anti-intellectualism are James, Bergson, Ollè Laprune and Blondel. James made the will to believe and to act the central principles of his
