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## Definitions of Terms
**Deshavadhi:** Deshavadhi refers to the knowledge of one's own region (desha) that is possessed by beings in the four lower realms of existence, excluding the liberated souls (sadhu), the perfect beings (paramavadhi), and those with omniscience (sarvavadhi).
**Dvisthanik Bandha:** Dvisthanik Bandha refers to the binding of the two-fold (dvisthanik) sections of the body, which are the vine (lata) and the tree (daru).
**Dharani:** Dharani, meaning earth, supports trees, mountains, and other things on its surface. Similarly, the intellect that holds onto the knowledge of a particular subject for a long time is called Dharani. This is another name for retention.
**Dharmakatha:** Dharmakatha refers to the concluding part of a chapter (adhikār) of any one of the twelve angas of the scriptures (śruta-jñāna).
**Dharana:** Dharana refers to the ability to retain knowledge of a subject for a long time without forgetting it.
**Dhruva-shunya-dravya-vargana:** Dhruva-shunya-dravya-vargana refers to the categories of pudgala (matter) that are incapable of being grasped (grahana) and lie between the categories of santara (intermittent) and nirantara (continuous) dravya-vargana, and below each category of body dravya-vargana.
**Dhruva-skandha-dravya-vargana:** Dhruva-skandha-dravya-vargana refers to the categories of pudgala (matter) that are incapable of being grasped (grahana) and lie between the categories of karman (karma) dravya-vargana and santara (intermittent) and nirantara (continuous) dravya-vargana.
**Nayavada:** Nayavada refers to the knowledge of the scriptures (śruta-jñāna) that explains the principles (siddhānta) behind the methods (naya) for attaining worldly and otherworldly benefits.
**Nayavidhi:** Nayavidhi refers to the scriptures (āgama) that prescribe the nature of beings (jiva) and other substances through the use of various naya, such as naigama.
**Nana-pradesha-guna-hani-sthānāntara:** Nana-pradesha-guna-hani-sthānāntara refers to the gradual reduction of the substance (dravya) by half with each successive loss of quality (guna-hani) in various groups (gana).
**Nigoda:** Nigoda refers to the beings with plant-like bodies (vanaspati-kāyika) and simple bodies (sādharana-śarīra) who have their food, breathing, life, and death all happening simultaneously.
**Nirantara-apkramana-kāla:** Nirantara-apkramana-kāla refers to the time of continuous decline (apkramana) without any interruption (antara).
**Nirantara-upkramana-kāla:** Nirantara-upkramana-kāla refers to the time of continuous birth (upkramana) of beings without any interruption (antara).
**Nirantara-samaya-upkramana-kāla:** Nirantara-samaya-upkramana-kāla refers to the time of the first stage of birth (upkramana-kāṇḍaka).
**Nirlepanakāla:** Nirlepanakāla refers to the time when the karma-niṣeka (karma-binding) becomes lifeless.
**Nivritti-paryāpta:** Nivritti-paryāpta refers to the being who has fulfilled all the necessary requirements (paryāpti) for liberation (nivritti).
**Niṣeka:** Niṣeka, also known as karma-niṣeka, refers to the substance that is given at a particular time within the karma-sthiti (karma-state) from among the incoming categories of karma (karma-vargana).
**Naigama-naya:** Naigama-naya refers to the naya that encompasses both the subjects of collection (sagraha) and application (vyavahāra). It is a naya that is primarily concerned with the treatment (upacāra) of things, even those that are not yet realized through contemplation (sankalpa).
**Parampara-bandha:** Parampara-bandha refers to the state of binding (bandha) that continues from the second time of binding (bandha) until the binding of the pudgala-skandha (karma-body) and the regions of the being (jiva-pradesha).
**Parampara-upnidha:** Parampara-upnidha refers to the consideration of the diminishing substance (dravya) in successive losses of quality (guna-hani), where the substance of the later loss of quality is half of the substance of the previous loss of quality.
**Parivartana:** Parivartana refers to the repeated contemplation (vicāra) of a subject in the mind in order to remember the meaning that has been grasped (grahana).
**Parivartana-madhyama-parināma:** Parivartana-madhyama-parināma refers to the middle-category (madhyama-jāti) of results (parināma) that are capable of returning to the previous results (parināma) after one, two, or more periods of time, after having attained other results (parināma-antara) while being in those results.