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Walker argued that electrons can turned between adjacent neurons, thereby creating a virtual neural network which can actually overlap the real neural network. It is this virtual nervous system that can produce consciousness which can then govern the behavior of the real nervous system. So it was argued that although the brain works on the basis of classical physics but consciousness can work on the principle of quantum physics.
David Bohm introduces, an implicate order present in nature where space and time are no longer the dominant factors determining the relationships of dependence or independence of different elements. Rather, an entirely different sort of basic connection of elements is possible, from which our ordinary notions of space and time, along with those of separately existent material particles, are abstracted as forms derived from the deeper order. These ordinary notions in fact appear in what is called the "explicate" or "unfolded" order, which is a special and distinguished form contained within the general totality of all the implicate order. In Bohm's conception of order, then, primacy is given to the undivided whole, and the implicate order inherent within the whole, rather than in parts of the whole, such as particles, quantum states, and continua. This idea is similar to what is being talked in GST. [8).
Prof. HerbertFrohlich in 1986 suggested that biological systems can have property of Bose Einstein condensation due to the presence of Biological oscillators which are there in a non-equilibrium state at constant temperature, due to the presence of external source of energy like Sun light. Such biological oscillators are present in all living matter due to the presence of water and biomolecules which have dipoles. These biological oscillators like laser can amplify signals and can also encode information, generated by some external stimuli.
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PENROSE AND HAMEROFF MODEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS DEVELOPED USING QUANTUM
PHYSICS, NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND CONCEPT OF OBJECTIVE REDUCTION:
The material world is composed of atoms and subatomic particles. But atoms (10 cm) are mostly empty space, as is the space between atoms. If we go down in scale from atoms, eventually we reach the basement level of reality that is Planck scale geometry at 10 cm,
Luigi Maria Ricciardi and HoroomiUmezawa suggested a model of consciousness base on Quantum Field Theory (QFT). Here, the functions of the brain are seen as a consequence of collective quantum order states. For example, memory is associated to "vacuum states". Umezawa and Ricciardi underline that one of the properties of vacuum states is that of developingcorrelations and order which can extend to the macroscopic level, producing fields which can effect the neural system. Thus consciousness would be the result of the sum of quantum processes, while the neural systems would be limited to the transmission of macroscopic signals.
Objective reduction is an attempt at unifying Relativity Theory and Quantum Theory [7].Penrose extended Einstein's general theory of relativity, in which matter is essentially space-timecurvature, to the Planck scale (10*** cm), the most basic level of the universe, with coarseness, irregularity, and information. Actually loop quantum gravity depicts spacetime geometry as quantized into volume pixels, that is Planck scale polygons whose edges may be considered as irreducible spin.Planck volumes evolve and change with time, conveying information as a 3-dimensional spider web of spin. This space-time geometry is nonlocal, as revealed by entanglement experiments.
According to Herbert consciousness is a property which pervades all nature, a basic force of the universe. Herbert reaches this conclusion analyzing the probability principle, the existence of matter objects are formed only when they are observed) and interconnection(entanglement). According to Herbert, these three principles are directly linked to thefundamental characteristics of consciousness: that is free will, ambiguity and interconnection.
Culbertson believes that memory which is at the basis of consciousness, is a consequence of the change of state of matter in time. In other words, memory is equivalent to different states of matter in time. From this point of view memory is not formed by data stored in the brain, but by links between different states of space-time, and consciousness would therefore be located outside the brain, in the space-time.
A particle in one state or location would be a specific curvature in space-time geometry and the same particle in another location would have curvature in the oppositedirection, extending downward to the Planck scale. Superposition of both locationscan then be seen as simultaneous curvatures in opposite directions, and hence, according to Penrose, a separation, bubble, or blister in the very fabric of reality.Penrose has suggested that such spacetime separations are unstable and will reduce, or collapse to one particular state at a particular time due to an objective threshold intrinsic to the fine structure of the universe. Penrose also suggests that each OR, or self-collapse essentially a ripple in fundamental space-time geometry, which results, in a moment of conscious experience.
Karl Pribram suggested a holographic hypothesis of memory and mind.