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Penrose OR is nothing but consciousness Thus Penrose OR is the only worldview incorporating consciousness into the universe. The selections in Penrose OR are not random, but influenced by information embedded in fundamental spacetime geometry, and hence are different from subjective reduction discussed under Copenhagen interpretations.
Another interesting consequences of this development is the proposal that human understanding is neither deterministic nor random but is Non-computable, and contradicts the concept used in artificial intelligence that human understanding is completely computable.[10] It presupposes that space-time geometry can have information in spin foams at Planck's level when we consider quantum gravity. Reduction of quantum superposition at this level is governed by this information, which we cannot control. A similar objective reduction occurs at brain level through "tubulins", the quantum systems operating within neurons through microtubules, governed by gravitational self energy and this information at Planck's level.
XII.
On a much higher level, that is at neuron level, Penrose and Hameroff, believes that consciousness is a manifestation of the quantum cytoskeletal state. Thus they argue that inside neurons there is a "cytoskeleton", the structure that holds cells together, whose "microtubules" control the function of synapses. Microtubules are cylindrical polymers of the protein "tubulin," and major components of the cell cytoskeleton which self-assembles to configure intracellular architecture, create and regulate synapses, and communicate between membrane structures and genes in the cell nucleus. In addition to bone-like support, microtubules and other cytoskeletal components seem to act as the cell's nervous system, its "on-board computer," continually reshaping and differentiating. Actually these microtubules further consist of millions of still smaller structures called tubulins, which behave like quantum mechanical systems and they are the candidates for quantum equivalents of "0" and "1" binary digits used in ordinary computers. In quantum case, they are called qubits. This opens the door to consciousness being nonlocal.
EXPLORING GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY
TO
ORGANIZE VARIOUSINFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPED TO UNDERSTAND CONSCIOUSNESS FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES:
Methodology of General Systems Theory [11]can better explain the interrelationships among various information layers visualized to understand concept of consciousness using quantum physics, theory of relativity and neurophysiology.An schematic diagram is given below. Although one has to make a beginning from quantum gravity like level, but because of completeness, implicate order is assumed to be the ultimate reality. Various block diagrams are self-explanatory. Some arrows indicate inter connection among different levels. Four different levels are mentioned starting from neuro-synapses level, tubulin level, space-time geometry level and then finally going to implicate order of quantum mechanics. Some more linkages like holographic memory, and those ofretarded and advanced waves will also come somewhere in this hierarchy.
"Orch OR." Microtubule quantum superpositionsare proposedto extend and entangle from neuron to neuron through gap junctions (which mediate gamma synchrony), enabling selective brain-wide quantum coherence among microtubules. Actually millions of these tubulins from thousands of neurons can collectively interact through neurotransmitters and gap junctions and can generate group of several different quantum states, known as a quantum superposition state (not directly observable). Such states are however unstable and reduces to one of the state (which is observable) in certain time which is decided by the gravitational self-energy of say two quantum states of the superposition. This process of reduction is called Orchestrated Objective Reduction (Orch OR). This Orch OR is being termed as consciousness. Here Orchestrated means well organized. It means that this transition from quantum reality to classical reality is called consciousness. Decoherence is suggested to be avoided through coherent pumping, actin gelation, ordered water and topological resonances. Entanglement with the future may enable realtime conscious action, and rescue consciousness from the unfortunate role of epiphenomenal illusion. This concept of consciousness seems to be closer to the concept of Chetna (Awareness) as mentioned in Indian systems of thought.
XIII. QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT, QUANTUM
INFORMATION AND EXTRASENSORY
PERCEPTION: Quantum entanglement is very important property of a quantum mechanical system. As per Einstein, Podolskiand Rosenfiled (EPR) paradox, if there are two coupled electrons moving away from each other and are with net spin zero then if spin of one electron is measured and is found to be +1/2 in certain direction then the other electron will automatically take a -1/2 spin value, if measured at some other time. It is now confirmed that this does occur upto a distance of 149 kilo meters. Means the other electron knows (even at a great distance from the first electron) that measurement has taken place on the first electron. To explain such experiments, it is now suggested that quantum information can propagate backward in time. Such properties are also found in some experiments in psychology and they indicate that processes can take place in brain which imply backward propagation of information in time. These ideas and experiments are again at
X1. PENROSE'S ARGUMENT THAT HUMAN UNDERSTANDING IS NEITHER DETERMINISTIC NOR RANDOM BUT IS NONCOMPUTATIONAL: