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This is a concluding section of the explanation of the five categories (Panchaastikaya) and their characteristics (guna) in the context of time (samaya). It uses the example of the four qualities (varna, rasa, gandha, sparsa) to explain the concept of non-duality (ananta) between substance (dravya) and its qualities.
**Verse 51:**
The four qualities (varna, rasa, gandha, sparsa) are formed from the atoms (paramanu) and are distinct from the substance (dravya) due to their specific characteristics. They are not separate from the substance in essence, but appear distinct due to their specific characteristics.
**Verse 52:**
Similarly, knowledge (jnana) and perception (darsana) are connected to the soul (jiva) and are not separate from the soul in essence. They appear distinct due to their specific characteristics, but in reality, they are always inseparable from the soul.
**Explanation:**
The four qualities (varna, rasa, gandha, sparsa) are formed from the atoms (paramanu) and are not separate from the substance (dravya) in essence. They appear distinct due to their specific characteristics, such as their name and description. Similarly, knowledge (jnana) and perception (darsana) are connected to the soul (jiva) and are not separate from the soul in essence. They appear distinct due to their specific characteristics, such as their name and description. However, in reality, they are always inseparable from the soul.
This section concludes the explanation of the qualities (guna) related to use (upayoga). The next section will discuss the qualities (guna) related to action (kartṛtva).