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Or, a different substance-form arises, but in the transformation of substances that transform into their own appropriate permutations by their own nature, time-substance becomes an external cooperative cause with indifference. By means of subtle, infinite, indivisible, intersecting, non-gross, and minute qualities, the dharma-etc. substances undergo transformation in the form of gain and loss of the six qualities. 230. Question: What is called a *samaya*? Answer: The time taken by an atom located in one region of space to reach another contiguous region by slow motion is called one *samaya*. The lowest state of permutation of all substances is just one *kshana*, which is also called *samaya*. 231. Question: What is called a *pradesa*? Answer: The region of space occupied by one indivisible atom of *pudgala* in the *loka-akasha* is called a *pradesa*. 232. Question: What is called the lowest and highest *antar-muhurta*? Answer: The time period of one *samaya* along with the *avali* measure is called the lowest *antar-muhurta*, and the time period of one *samaya* less the *muhurta* is called the highest *antar-muhurta*.
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