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228. Question: What are the characteristics of the six substances? Answer: That which is used in the form of knowledge and perception is called the Jiva substance. That which has the qualities of color, smell, taste, and touch is called the Pudgala substance. That which, while moving itself, is an indifferent cooperative cause for the movement of the Jiva and Pudgala substances is called the Dharma substance, like a path for a traveler. That which, while remaining stationary itself, is an indifferent cooperative cause for the Jiva and Pudgala substances to remain stationary is called the Adharma substance, like a seat for one who is sitting. That which is helpful in giving space to all the substances is called the Akasha substance, like a house for those who reside. That which is a cooperative cause for all the substances to function in their own nature is called the Kala substance, i.e., the cooperative cause that tells the substances how to function, the quality of functioning is found in it, that is called the Kala substance. 226. Question: How does the Kala substance, the cause of functioning, occur in all the substances? Answer: It is not the case that the Kala substance, being a result, becomes transformed into another substance. It neither transforms itself into another substance nor does it transform other substances into its own form.