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The act of becoming bound to the five karmic substances and the karmic fields is called **bandha**. Due to the soul's actions driven by attachment and aversion, the **karma particles**, which are unknown and exist in the **ākāśa** fields, are attracted like magnets and become associated with the **ātma** fields. These karma particles are **pudgalic** because they possess form, taste, smell, and touch. The **pudgal** that transforms into form is extremely subtle, like fine dust, which cannot be perceived by the senses. Only a **kevalajnani** or a **param avadhijnani** can know them through their knowledge.
Just as a person who applies oil to their body and then walks through dust will have the dust stick to their entire body, similarly, due to the **spandan** (vibration), **nāhlan** (movement), and **chalan** (motion) in the **ātma** fields during the state of **samsara** (worldly existence), countless **karma-yogya** (karma-worthy) **pudgal** particles become associated with the **ātma** fields. Just as a red-hot iron ball constantly draws water from its surroundings, similarly, a **samsari** (worldly being) constantly absorbs **karma-pudgal** through their **yoga-pravṛtti** (yogic tendencies). The relationship between the **samsari** and the **karma** particles is like that of fire and water, or a hot iron ball and water. This type of association is called **bandha**.
When the **karma-pudgal** are absorbed by the **jiva** (soul), i.e., when **bandha** occurs, four aspects are created within them, which are called the types of **bandha**. Just as the grass eaten by cows and buffaloes transforms into milk, which then develops a sweet taste, a certain duration for that taste to remain in that form, intensity and mildness in that sweetness, and a certain quantity (weight) of that milk, similarly...