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## Translation:
**160**
Kala (time) should be considered as Ramjhana (a relative concept) and Kala-shuke (time-atom) should be considered as Apradeshtva (non-existent).
**Chapter Four, Karma Granth**
**Consistency of the Statement:**
If Kala (time) is not considered as Ramjhana (a relative concept) and is considered as a separate entity, then the question arises: If Kala (time) is considered as a separate entity, then why is it not considered as a Skandha (constituent) like Dharma-Astikaya (the body of Dharma)?
Apart from this, there is another question: In the Jiva-Ajiva (soul-non-soul) category, the cause of the time-category is Nimitta-Karan (the cause of creation). But what is the cause of the time-category? If it is natural and does not require any other cause, then why should the Jiva-Ajiva (soul-non-soul) category be considered natural? If we assume another cause for the Ramya-category (category of pleasure), then it leads to Anvastha (infinite regress). Therefore, it is appropriate to consider the Anu-Paksha (atomic theory) as a formal concept.
**The Nature of Kala (time) in Vedic Philosophy:**
There are two main viewpoints regarding Kala (time) in Vedic philosophies. The Vaisheshika Darshan (philosophy) - A. 2. 0. 2, Sutra 6-10, and Nyaya Darshan (philosophy) consider Kala (time) as an all-pervasive, independent entity. Sankhya - A. 2, Sutra 12, Yoga, and Vedanta philosophies do not consider Kala (time) as an independent entity, but consider it as a form of Prakriti-Purusha (matter-consciousness). This second viewpoint is based on Nishcaya-Drishti (absolute knowledge) and the first viewpoint is based on Vyavahar (practical knowledge).
**Jain Philosophy:**
In Jain philosophy, what is called 'Samaya' (time) and in other philosophies is called 'Kshan' (moment), is not a separate entity called 'Kala' (time). It is merely a concept created by worldly beings for the sake of practical life, regarding the sequence of moments. To understand this clearly, one should refer to Yoga Darshan, Pa. 3. 0. 520, Bhashya (commentary). The view on Kala (time) in the said commentary is based on Nishcaya-Drishti (absolute knowledge) and therefore appears to be the true nature of Kala (time).
**Scientific Consensus:**
Currently, science is moving towards the direction of the theory of relativity. Therefore, we should also consider the views on Kala (time) according to this perspective. Scientists also consider Kala (time) as a hypothetical concept like direction, not real.
**Conclusion:**
Considering all aspects, it is certain that there is no evidence to support the view that Kala (time) is a separate, independent entity.