Disclaimer: This translation does not guarantee complete accuracy, please confirm with the original page text.
(21) Having attained the ultimate cessation of karmas, the soul, free from all attachments, attains the supreme state. However, due to different processes of philosophical inquiry, variations are observed in the understanding of these principles. There are mainly three types: (1) Atomistic, (2) Principalist, and (3) Atomistic with an element of the Principal.
Among these, the Atomistic view, while advocating for liberation, is not as opposed to the Dharma of Conduct as the second and third types of thinkers. This view became known as the Nyaya-Vaisheshika philosophy.
The second view is the Principalist. This view, advocating for the ultimate cessation of karmas, considers the Dharma of Conduct as undesirable. This view is known as the Samkhya-Yoga philosophy. Based on the role of this philosophy, the Vedanta philosophy and the path of renunciation gained prominence.
The third view is that of the Atomistic with an element of the Principal. This view, like the second, is fundamentally opposed to the Dharma of Conduct and is known as Jain philosophy. Buddhist philosophy is also considered opposed to the Dharma of Conduct, but it is considered a later development, a blend of the second and third views.
While Buddhist and Samkhya philosophies have considered the principle of karma, they later focused their thought on the path of meditation, leading to a one-sided perspective. As a result, their contribution to the literature on karma is negligible, and what exists does not contribute to the development of thought. However, Jain thinkers, like their contemplation on other subjects, have also deeply explored the principle of karma.