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## Nama 565-567
Mamyaktva Marga/631
**Translation:**
The characteristic of a Jiva is its **Upayoga** (function). The characteristic of Pudgala is the fourfold color (**Varna Chatushk**). The characteristic of the four substances, Dharma, etc., is **Gatihetutva** (cause of motion), **Sthitihetutva** (cause of rest), **Avgahanhetutva** (cause of penetration), and **Bartanahetutva** (cause of action). ||56||
The three actions, **Gatitriya** (action of motion), **Sthitikriya** (action of rest), and **Avgahan Kriya** (action of penetration), occur only in Jivas and Pudgalas. These actions do not occur in Dharma, etc., but they are **Sadhaka** (facilitators). ||566||
Just as a path is a facilitator for a traveler, a seat is a facilitator for one who sits, and a house is a facilitator for one who resides, in the same way, the three substances, Dharma, etc., are facilitators in motion, rest, and penetration. ||567||
**Explanation:**
**Upayoga** is the characteristic of a Jiva.
**Question:** What is **Upayoga**?
**Answer:** **Upayoga** is the result that arises from both internal and external causes and is dependent on **Chaitanya** (consciousness). It does not exist independently of **Chaitanya**. **Upayoga** is the transformation that occurs in conjunction with the **Chaitanya** quality.
**Question:** What are the internal and external causes?
**Answer:** The destruction of **Jnanaavarana** (veil of knowledge), **Darshanavarana** (veil of perception), and **Viryaantaraya** (obstacle to energy) karmas is the internal cause. The external causes are the senses like eyes, etc., and external objects like lamps, etc.
**Question:** What is a **Lakshana** (characteristic)?
**Answer:** A **Lakshana** is that which distinguishes one thing from another among a group of things that are combined together. For example, in a lump of gold and silver, the yellow color and heaviness are the distinguishing characteristics of gold and silver. Similarly, in the case of the body and the soul, even though they are united in bondage, **Jnana** (knowledge), etc., are the distinguishing characteristics that differentiate them.
**Footnotes:**
1. "Upayogo Lakshanam" ||2.8|| [Tattvartha Sutra]
2. "Ubhayanimitavashadupadyapaanachantanyanuvidhayi parigamah upayogah" [Sarvarth Siddhi]
3. "Chaitanya manubidhadhatyanvayarupena parigamati" [Panchaastikaya Gatha 40 Tatparyavritti Toka]