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The thirty-eighth chapter:
Giving to one who is like oneself, who is a guide across the ocean of existence, who is a householder, and who is endowed with rituals, mantras, and vows, is called *patra-dana* (gift to a worthy recipient). Giving earth, gold, etc., to such a person, or giving to a person of moderate worth with equal understanding and faith, is called *samana-datti* (equal giving). Giving one's entire family, including all wealth and the entire lineage, to one's son for the sake of establishing the lineage is called *sakala-datti* (total giving). The study of scriptures is called *svadhyaya* (self-study), the practice of fasting, etc., is called *tapa* (austerity), and the observance of vows is called *samyama* (self-control).
These six types of pure conduct are to be practiced by the twice-born. He who transgresses these is a fool, a twice-born in name only, not in quality. Austerity, scriptural knowledge, and birth are the three causes of being a Brahmin. He who is devoid of austerity and scriptural knowledge is a Brahmin only by birth. The livelihood of these people is free from sin, therefore their birth is considered superior. Because giving, worship, and study are the main activities, and because of the purity of their vows, their superior birth is even more refined.
Although the human race is one, born from the rise of the *karma* of birth, it has become fourfold due to the differences arising from livelihood. Those who are refined by the practice of vows are called Brahmins, those who bear arms are called Kshatriyas, those who earn wealth justly are called Vaishyas, and those who rely on low livelihood are called Shudras. Therefore, the refinement of the twice-born is considered to be through the practice of austerity and the study of scriptures. He who is not refined by austerity and the study of scriptures is a twice-born only by birth.
He who is born twice, once from the womb and once from the ritual, is called a *dwijanma* (twice-born) or *dwij* (twice-born). But he who is devoid of both ritual and mantra is merely a name-bearer. Therefore, the great king, wishing to strengthen the refinement of these twice-born, spoke to them about all the different types of rituals.