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## Aachipuran
The mention in non-Jain texts like the Mahabharata, that Brahma first established the Brahmin caste, seems to have the same meaning. Originally, humans were of Brahmin nature, but due to the development of vices over time, divisions like Kshatriya etc. arose. In other descending and ascending eras, humans do not neglect their nature, hence the establishment of the Brahmin caste does not occur in those times. The same reason applies to the absence of the Brahmin caste in the Videha region. This is the Hundavaspini era, which has come after the passage of numerous ascending and descending eras. It particularly produces humans who are increasingly depraved by nature. Time passed, and Bharat Chakravarti emerged. He took charge of the kingdom, and depravity among the people continued to increase. In the time of the Manus, there were only three streams of political punishment: 'Ha', 'Ma', and 'Dhik'. If someone committed a crime, the ruler would say 'Ha', meaning 'I am sorry'. This alone was enough to make the offender conscious. Time passed, people became somewhat depraved, and 'Ma' was added after 'Ha', meaning 'I am sorry, don't do this again'. This was the punishment decided. Then time passed, people became even more depraved, and 'Ha', 'Ma', 'Dhik' - meaning 'I am sorry, don't do this again, and if you don't listen, you are cursed' - these three punishments became prevalent. 'Dhik' was like the death penalty of that time. How virtuous were the people then, and how are they today? Comparing the past and present, the difference seems like the distance between the earth and the sky.
## Caste and Varna
We have already discussed Varna sufficiently. Here, it is necessary to discuss caste as well. The five divisions of caste mentioned in Jain Agamas, namely Ekendriya, Dwiendriya, etc., are general. Apart from them, there are countless sub-divisions within each caste. Considering it unnecessary to describe all of them here, we will only discuss human castes.
Human castes are divided into the following categories:
1. **Vrittirūpa Jāti:** This caste is related to one's profession or occupation, such as carpenter, blacksmith, goldsmith, potter, oilman, etc.
2. **Vansh-Gotra Ādirūpa Jāti:** This caste is based on lineage from a specific influential male, such as Garg, Shrotriya, Rathore, Chauhan, Khandelwal, Agrawal, Raghuvansh, Suryavansh, etc.
3. **Rāshṭrīyarūpa Jāti:** This caste is based on nationality, such as Indian, European, American, Chanderia, Narsimhpur, Devgarh, etc.
4. **Sāmpradāyik Jāti:** This caste is based on one's religion or sect, such as Jain, Buddhist, Sikh, Hindu, Muslim, etc.
The castes mentioned in Jain texts and the Yajurveda and Taittiriya Brahmanas all fall under these categories. The emergence of these diverse castes is undoubtedly due to their respective causes, but today...
1. "**Asṛjad Brahmananēva Pūrva Brahma Prajāpatīn. Ātmatējo'bhinivṛttān Bhāskarāgnisamaprāmān.** **Tatah Satyam Cha Dharma Cha Tapo Brahma Va Shāśvatam. Āchāram Chaiva Shaucham Swaya Vivaṣē Prabhuḥ.**" - Mahabharata, Chapter 158
2. "**Prajāpatiryajñamasṛjata, Yajña Sṛṣṭamanu Brahmakshatra Asṛjyēt