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## The Third Chapter
The duration of a *kotikovy* (a unit of time) is ten *sagar* (oceans). The duration of the remaining *kotikovy* is also the same. Thus, a *kalpa* (eon) is considered to be twenty *kotikovy*. (15)
O King, each of these *utsarpini* (ascending) and *avsarpi* (descending) periods has six divisions. Listen to their names in order. (16)
The six divisions of the *avsarpi* period are:
1. *Susamasushama*
2. *Sushama*
3. *Sushamadushma*
4. *Dushmasushama*
5. *Dushma*
6. *Atiduhsma* or *Dushmadushma*
These are the divisions of the *avsarpi* period that should be known. The *utsarpini* period also has six divisions, which are the opposite of these, such as:
1. *Dushmadushma*
2. *Dushma*
3. *Dushmasushama*
4. *Sushamadushma*
5. *Sushama*
6. *Susamasushama* (17-18)
The division of *sama* (time) is called *sama*. The prefixes *su* and *dur* denote good and bad respectively. By combining *su* and *dur* separately with *sama* and applying the grammatical rule of changing *s* to *sh*, we get the words *sushama* and *dushma*, which mean good time and bad time respectively. Thus, all six divisions of the *utsarpini* and *avsarpi* periods have meaningful names. (19)
Similarly, the *utsarpini* and *avsarpi* periods, along with their sub-divisions, also have meaningful names. Because the period in which there is an increase in *sthiti* (state) etc. is called *utsarpini*, and the period in which there is a decrease is called *avsarpi*. (20)
These two periods, called *utsarpini* and *avsarpi*, revolve along with their six divisions, like the *krishnapaksha* (dark fortnight) and *shuklapaksha* (bright fortnight) of the lunar month, due to the rotation of the *kalachakra* (time cycle). Just as the *shuklapaksha* follows the *krishnapaksha* and the *krishnapaksha* follows the *shuklapaksha*, similarly, the *utsarpini* follows the *avsarpi* and the *avsarpi* follows the *utsarpini*. (21)
Previously, in this *bharatkshetra* (land of Bharat), the first division of the *avsarpi* period, called *susamasushama*, was passing. The duration of that period was four *kotikovy* *sagar*. At that time, the arrangement was as follows: (22-23)
The state in the northern regions of *devakuru* and *uttarakuru* is the same as the state in this *bharatkshetra* at the beginning of a *yuga* (epoch). (24)