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The **Shri Sutra Kritanga Sutra** states that in the context of **Upamana** (analogy), the **Nyaya Darshan** (philosophy) says that proving an unknown object by comparing it to a known object is called **Upamana Praman** (proof by analogy). For example, just as a cow is, so is a bull. The purpose of this proof is to understand the relationship between the object and its name. However, accepting **Upamana** as a separate proof is not logical because it can be proven by **Anupatti** (non-existence of the opposite). Therefore, **Upamana** is included in **Anumana** (inference). Hence, **Upamana** does not arise as a separate proof. If it is said that **Anupatti** does not occur in the context of **Upamana**, then **Upamana** would be invalid due to the **Vyabhichar** (inconsistency) defect.
Similarly, **Shabda Agama** (scriptural evidence) is not all proof, but only those scriptures written by **Aapta Purush** (reliable person) are valid. **Arhan** (omniscient), **Tirthankar** (spiritual leader) are the only **Aapta Purush**. It is not logical to consider anyone else as **Aapta**. This has been explained elsewhere. All these proofs are in the form of knowledge of the **Atma** (soul). Knowledge is a quality of the **Atma**. Therefore, it is not logical to consider it as a separate entity from the **Atma**. If we do so, then we would have to consider qualities like **Roop** (form), **Ras** (taste), etc., as separate entities from the objects possessing them. If it is said that **Roop**, **Ras**, etc., are the objects of the senses, then you can accept them as separate entities, but it is not logical because they do not exist independently of the substance. Therefore, they are also included in the perception of the substance. Hence, it is not appropriate to accept them as separate entities.
Similarly, the **Nyaya Darshan** considers **Atma**, **Sharira** (body), **Indriyaarth** (objects of senses), **Buddhi** (intellect), **Man** (mind), **Pravritti** (action), **Dosha** (defect), **Pretyaabhav** (afterlife), **Phal** (fruit), **Dukha** (suffering), and **Apavarga** (liberation) as **Pramaya** (objects of knowledge). Among these, **Atma** is considered to be the **Sarvadrishta** (all-seeing), **Sarvabhokta** (all-experiencing). It is said to be inferable through **Ichcha** (desire), **Dvesha** (aversion), **Prayatna** (effort), **Sukha** (pleasure), **Dukha** (suffering), and **Jnana** (knowledge). We, the Jains, have also considered it as the **Jiva** (living being). The **Sharira** is the **Bhogayatan** (object of enjoyment) of the **Atma**, and the **Indriya** (senses) are also **Bhogayatan**. The objects of the senses are **Bhogya** (enjoyable) for the **Atma**. We, the Jains, have also accepted this **Sharira**, etc., as **Jivaajiva** (living and non-living). **Upayoga** (use) is called **Buddhi**. It is a type of **Jnana**. Therefore, it is a quality of the **Jiva**. It is also included in the perception of the **Jiva**. The **Antahkaran** (inner organ) is that which perceives all objects. It is called **Man**. According to the **Nyaya Darshan**, the knowledge of all senses does not arise simultaneously. The **Man** has a collective knowledge of them. From the Jain perspective, it is the **Dravya Man** (substance mind) and is **Paudgalik** (made of **Pudgala**). It is included in the **Ajiva** (non-living). The **Bhav Man** (mental state) is a quality of the **Atma**. It is included in the perception of the **Jiva**. **Pravritti** is the cause of the **Atma's** experience of pleasure and pain. The **Nyaya Darshan** considers it as a separate entity from the **Atma**, which is not logical because **Pravritti** is called **Atmeccha** (desire of the **Atma**). Therefore, it is a quality of the **Atma**. Being in the form of the **Atma's** intention, it is a type of special knowledge. That which contaminates the **Atma** is called **Dosha** (defect). For example, this **Sharira** of the **Atma** is not new, it has been existing since the beginning because it is **Anadi** (beginningless). It is also not the end because it is **Anant** (infinite) from the perspective of the flow of birth and death. Considering this **Sharira** as **Aparva** (new) and **Shant** (peaceful) is also a **Adhyavasaya Dosha** (defect of wrong belief). Or, **Raga** (attachment), **Dvesha** (aversion), and **Moha** (delusion), etc., are called **Dosha**. These **Dosha** are also the specific intention of the **Jiva**. Therefore, they are included in the **Jiva**. Hence, they cannot be called separate entities. The existence of the afterlife is **Pretyaabhav**.