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The study of Samvasarana is an inseparable relationship, without which suffering does not arise. Nirjara has been mentioned with its own name and its fruit, Moksha, has also been accepted. Thus, only these substances are useful in attaining Moksha. Therefore, the acceptance of their existence is the acceptance of Kriyavada. One who knows and accepts these substances is truly the knower of Kriyavada. It is said that why do you not accept as a Samyakvadi one who knows the substances propounded in other philosophies? In response to this, it is said that in Nyaya philosophy, Pramana, Prameya, Sanshaya, Prayojana, Drishtaanta, Siddhanta, Avayava, Tarka, Nirnaya, Vada, Jalapa, Vitanda, Hetvabhasa, Chala, Jati and Nigraha Sthana - these sixteen substances are accepted. Among these, the substance that determines the nature of the substances due to the renunciation of the substances that are to be abandoned and the inclination towards the substances that are to be adopted is called Pramana. Pramana is that by which substances are measured, tested and known in the right way. There are four types of Pramana: Pratyaksha, Anumana, Upamana and Shabda. The knowledge that arises from the proximity of the sense organ and the object, is inexpressible by words, free from defects and decisive in nature is Pratyaksha. This means that which arises from the relationship of the sense organ and the object but is not expressed. Which is not in the form of happiness etc. but is knowledge. It is not expressed by words because the knowledge that is obtained by words is expressible. In Nyaya philosophy, that which is not contradictory, defective or illusory, which is decisive, like the knowledge of two moons, is called Pratyaksha, but this form of Pratyaksha is not logical. Because here, the soul is self-pervasive in grasping the meaning - without depending on anything else, the senses do not do so, that knowledge of the soul is called Pratyaksha. Avadhijnana, Manahparyaya Jnana and Kevala Jnana are Pratyaksha, but the knowledge that occurs through the indirect sense organ, which Nyaya philosophy calls Pratyaksha, is indirect like Anumana etc., not Pratyaksha. It can be called Pratyaksha in a formal sense, but where there is a context of true thinking, formality does not prevail.
According to Nyaya philosophy, Purvavat, Seshavat and Samanyatodrishta - these are the three types of Anumana. Where the cause is inferred from the effect, it is called Purvavat. Where the cause is inferred from the effect, it is called Seshavat. Seeing mangoes on a mango tree, it is inferred that all mango trees in the world have mangoes. This type of inference is called Samanyatodrishta. Or, seeing a person like Devadatta moving from one place to another, inferring motion in the sun is called Samanyatodrishta, but this principle propounded in Nyaya Shastra is illogical because otherwise, non-occurrence is the reason for inference. Cause etc. are not because otherwise, without non-occurrence, the defect of contradiction of the cause towards the effect is visible. But where there is non-occurrence, the relationship of the object and the object is visible even in the absence of the cause-effect relationship. For example, it is said that the chariot, the star (Mrigashira) constellation will rise because the Krittika constellation is visible. It has been said that where there is non-occurrence, what is the use of Purvavat, Seshavat and Samanyatodrishta, i.e. they have no use. Where there is no non-occurrence, what will be achieved by these three? It is also true that when Pratyaksha Pramana, accepted in Nyaya Shastra, does not even come under its category, then the Anumana that occurs before it is also not authentic - it is also not Pramana.
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