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The statement of self-time is not available. How can there be cessation in them when there is no direct perception? Thus, it is not possible for direct perception to determine them in both the present and the past states.
The situation is this - when the pervasive substance ceases, the pervaded substance is also considered to cease, but the direct evidence that shows the present object is not pervasive in all things. This means that it cannot know all things, it only knows the present. Therefore, when direct perception ceases, how can it be known that the substance which it cannot know independently or which is not directly perceived, exists? The denial of heaven etc. by the Charvakas through the means of direct evidence also proves that the Charvakas accept another evidence besides direct perception. The Charvakas accept the opinion of others as knowledge. This makes it clear that they accept another evidence besides direct perception. If this were not the case, why did the Charvakas create scriptures to make others understand their doctrines? Thus, it is not necessary to elaborate on this subject further.
From this discussion, it is proved that there is another evidence besides direct perception. The existence of that evidence is proved. What is that evidence? It is said - the soul - because it has an extraordinary, unusual or specific quality. The example of the eye sense is being given for this. The eye sense is very subtle and fine, therefore it is not directly available. Its existence can be inferred from the expectation of the ability to know the form of science, which cannot be obtained by the senses of touch etc. Similarly, the independent existence of the soul can be inferred from the expectation of consciousness, which is not found in the earth etc. elements. Consciousness is the extraordinary, unusual or only quality of the soul. The quality of consciousness is not found in the combination of the five elements of earth etc. Therefore, it is a matter of knowing that the soul exists. Certainly the soul exists, because all the senses know the objects - ideas, which are collectively - combined - knowledge or perception. For example, there are five windows in a building. A man named Devadatta sees the five objects known by them collectively. Similarly, the soul, not the senses, has a collective - combined - direct perception of the objects of knowledge by the senses. Even when the senses are destroyed, the objects known by them remain in the memory of the soul, just as the objects spoken by the windows remain in the memory of the person named Devadatta even when the windows are destroyed.
The existence of the soul is also proved by the evidence of inference. If the earth etc. five elements create a human form on a wall etc., then it does not have actions like happiness-suffering, desire, hatred and effort. This makes it certain that there is a substance other than the five elements, which is the material cause of happiness-suffering, desire, etc. actions - without which the work cannot be done. It is different from the five elements, it is the soul. Thus, the soul is proved by direct perception and inference etc. as well as by inference. This should be understood. The definition of inference is as follows - according to all six evidences, a substance which cannot be proved without another substance, is imagined to be an unseen substance for its proof, it is called inference. And the soul is also proved by argument, this should be known. The scriptures mention - my soul is उपपात
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