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In the commentary on Tattvartha 1.12, the distinctions of proofs such as arthāpatti, sambhava, and abhāva are clarified similarly to those in Nyāyadarśana (2.1.1). In Nyāyadarśana, the definition of direct perception includes the phrase "indriya-artha-sannikṛṣṭāt" (1.1.4). In the commentary on Tattvartha 1.12, the distinctions between proofs like arthāpatti are included within the realms of mati (knowledge derived from reasoning) and śruta (knowledge derived from scriptures), utilizing the same terms, as "all these are included in the final statements of mati and śruta due to their being caused by the proximity to the objects of the senses."
Similarly, the method of using the term 'anarthāntara' in place of 'paryāya' is also found in Tattvarthasūtra (1.13) as seen in the Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali and Nyāyadarśana (1.1.15).
(gh) Although the specific doctrines or terms of the Buddhist schools such as Śūnyavāda and Vijñānavāda are not mentioned in the commentary on Tattvartha, a few general Buddhist perspectives do appear in a couple of places as the thoughts of tantra-antar. Whether these ideas are drawn from the Pāli Piṭaka, the Sanskrit texts of Mahāyāna, or from some other text on the subject is debatable. The first mention arises in the context of stating the number of hells according to Jain doctrine while refuting the number accepted in Buddhism. It states, "Moreover, the tantras declare that in the countless realms of existence, the number of earthly expanse is incomprehensible." - Tattvarthabhāṣya, 3.1.
The second mention arises while defining pudgala according to Jain doctrine and refuting the Buddhist interpretation of the term pudgala. It states, "According to the tantras, pudgala is defined as that which comprises living beings." - Commentary on A. 5 Sū. 23!
1. "Direct perception, inference, comparison, and verbal testimony are proofs." - Nyāyadarśana, 1.1.3. Some consider them to be fourfold.- Tattvarthabhāṣya, 1.6. And as "by direct perception, inference, comparison, and testimony, one truth is established." - Tattvarthabhāṣya, 1.35.
2. See Mahābhāṣya on 1.1.56; 2.3.1; and 5.1.59.
3. Although the term 'pudgala' is used in Jain scriptures (Bhagavatī Ś. 8, U. 3 and Ś. 20, U. 2) in the context of living beings, the definition according to Jain philosophy is...