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142
Tattvarthasutra
[5.37 While the method and prohibitions of bondage have been described, which of the similar or dissimilar atoms causes what to transform?
Answer: In the state of similarity, there is no bondage; it is dissimilar, such as two parts of a smooth substance bonded with two parts of a rough substance, or three parts of a smooth substance bonded with three parts of a rough substance. In such a case, one similar entity can transform another similar entity according to its form—that is, depending on substance, space, time, and state, sometimes the nature of smoothness can transform roughness into smoothness and sometimes roughness can transform smoothness into roughness. However, in most cases, the majority can convert the inferior into its own form, as five parts of smoothness can transform three parts of smoothness into its form; thus, three parts of smoothness also become five parts concerning five parts of smoothness. Similarly, five parts of smoothness can also incorporate three parts of roughness into their own form, meaning roughness transforms into smoothness. If roughness is more, it can take lesser smoothness into its own form. 36.
Definition of Substance
Guna-paryayavad dravyam. 37. Substance is characterized by qualities and modes.
The mention of substance has been made many times before, hence its definition is given here.
That which has qualities and modes is substance. Each substance transforms into various forms over time according to causes, meaning it continues to attain diverse results. The ability to generate results is its quality, and the results produced by qualities are its modes. Qualities are the cause and modes are the effect. A substance contains endless qualities in the form of power, which are essentially inseparable from the substance or from each other. The different modes occurring at different times for each quality-power are infinite. The substance and its inherent powers are eternal—that is, beginningless and endless—because they are not produced or destroyed; however, all modes are constantly being produced and destroyed, thus they are momentary, that is, they have beginnings and endings, yet in relation to flow, they are beginningless and endless. The flow of modes occurring in the substance due to a causal power is also of the same kind. The endless powers in the substance generate an endless flow of modes that continue simultaneously. Different.