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5.2-6] **Fundamental Substance and Their Homogeneity - Heterogeneity** Question - Are the four types of non-living substances acknowledged in other philosophies as well? Answer - No. The two substances, Ether and Matter, are acknowledged by other philosophies such as Vaisheshika, Nyaya, and Samkhya; however, the two substances of Dharma and Adharma have not been acknowledged by any philosophy other than Jainism. The substance referred to as "Akashastikaya" in Jain philosophy is simply called "Akash" in non-Jain philosophies. The term "Pudgalastikaya" is well-known only in Jain scriptures. In Jain texts, the term Pudgal is often categorized using words such as principal, nature, atom, etc. 1. **Fundamental Substance** Substances are living beings. 2. The four non-living substances – Dharma, Adharma, and living beings comprise the five fundamental substances. According to Jain perspective, this world is not merely a form of change (paryay), but it is also beginningless and endless. In Jain philosophy, the five fundamental substances are acknowledged as the five which are stated in this aphorism. This aphorism, along with the subsequent sutras, describes the general and specific qualities of substances and elucidates their interrelated homogeneity and heterogeneity. Homogeneity refers to similar qualities (samanadharma) and heterogeneity refers to different qualities (vidhidharma). In this aphorism, there is an assertion of the substance-like similarity of the five, namely Dharma and others. Heterogeneity can pertain to qualities or forms, as qualities and forms are not substances themselves. 1. The homogeneity and heterogeneity of fundamental substances are eternal, fixed, and formless (immaterial). 2. They are material in form. 115 1. In the commentary, there is a reading without the conjunction "A," i.e., "a akashat." In the Digambara tradition, the aphorism is also read without conjunction. For Private Personal Use Only
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________________ ५. २-६ ] मूल द्रव्य तथा उनका साधर्म्य - वैधर्म्य प्रश्न- उक्त चार अजीव तत्त्व क्या अन्य दर्शनों में भी मान्य है ? उत्तर -- नही । आकाश और पुद्गल इन दो तत्त्वों को तो वैशेषिक, न्याय, सांख्य आदि दर्शनों ने भी माना है, परन्तु धर्मास्तिकाय और अधर्मास्तिकाय इन दो तत्त्वों को जैन दर्शन के अतिरिक्त अन्य किसी भी दर्शन ने नही माना है । जिस तत्त्व को जैन दर्शन मे आकाशास्तिकाय कहा गया है उसे जैनेतर दर्शनों मे आकाश कहा गया है । 'पुद्गलास्तिकाय' संज्ञा केवल जैन शास्त्रों मे प्रसिद्ध है । जैनेसर शास्त्रो में पुद्गलस्थानीय तत्त्व प्रधान, प्रकृति, परमाणु आदि शब्दों से व्यवहृत है । १ । मूलद्रव्य द्रव्याणि जीवाश्च । २ । धर्मास्तिकाय आदि चार अजीव तत्त्व और जीव ये पांच द्रव्य हैं । जैन दृष्टि के अनुसार यह जगत् केवल पर्याय अर्थात् परिवर्तनरूप नही है, किन्तु परिवर्तनशील होने पर भी अनादि-निधन है । इस जगत् में जैन दर्शन के अनुसार अस्तिकायरूप पाँच मूल द्रव्य है, वे ही इस सूत्र में निर्दिष्ट है । इस सूत्र तथा आगे के कुछ सूत्रों मे द्रव्यो के सामान्य तथा विशेष धर्म का वर्णन करके उनके पारस्परिक साधर्म्य - वैधर्म्य का वर्णन किया गया है । साधर्म्य अर्थात् समानधर्म ( समानता ) और वैधर्म्य अर्थात् विद्धधर्म ( असमानता ) । इस सूत्र में द्रव्यत्व अर्थात् धर्मास्तिकाय आदि पाँचों के द्रव्यरूप साधर्म्य का विधान है । वैधर्म्य तो गुण या पर्याय का हो सकता है, क्योकि गुण और पर्याय स्वयं द्रव्य नही है । २ । I मूल द्रव्यों का साधर्म्य और वैधर्म्य नित्यावस्थितान्यरूपाणि । ३ । रूपिणः पुद्गलाः । ४। rssकाशादेकद्रव्याणि । ५ । निष्क्रियाणि च । ६। १ उक्त द्रव्य नित्य हैं, स्थिर हैं और अरूपी ( अमूर्तं ) हैं | पुद्गल रूपी ( मूर्त ) हैं | ११५ Jain Education International १. भाष्य में ‘आ आकाशात्' ऐसा सन्धिरहित पाठ है । दिगम्बर परम्परा में भी सूत्र - पाठ सन्धिरहित ही है। I For Private Personal Use Only www.jainelibrary.org
SR No.008066
Book TitleTattvarthasutra Hindi
Original Sutra AuthorUmaswati, Umaswami
AuthorSukhlal Sanghavi
PublisherParshwanath Vidyapith
Publication Year1976
Total Pages444
LanguageHindi
ClassificationBook_Devnagari, Philosophy, Religion, Epistemology, Tattvartha Sutra, & Tattvarth
File Size9 MB
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