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1. 34-35]
Differences in Naya
45
Thus, among the three naye situated on the basis of dravyarthik naya, due to their increasingly subtle nature in comparison to the previous ones, they are more specialized in that regard. Even so, the implication of referring to the first three naye as dravyarthik and the later four as paryayaarthik is that in the first three, the general principle and its consideration are clearer because they are more gross. The later four naye are particularly subtle, in which special principles and their considerations are also more evident. It is precisely due to this clarity or obscurity of generality and specificity, along with their primary and secondary importance, that these seven naye have been classified into two divisions: dravyarthik and paryayaarthik. However, in reality, generality and specificity are two inseparable aspects of the same entity, and thus, the subject of one naya cannot be entirely separated from the subject of another naya.
Naya-dristi, vichar-sarani, or srelative meaning all have the same significance. The above description definitely indicates that there can be multiple vichar-saranis regarding any single subject. Regardless of how many vichar-saranis there are, they are summarized into seven divisions from a particular viewpoint. Even within these, the second is progressively more subtle than the first, and the third even more so compared to the second. The final vichar-sarani, named evabhut, exhibits the greatest subtlety. Therefore, the aforementioned four vichar-saranis have also been divided in another way into two parts: vyavhar-naya and nischay-naya. Vyavhar refers to gross-oriented or treatment-centric, whereas nischay refers to subtle-oriented or principle-touching. In essence, evabhut is the pinnacle of nischay.
In addition to the aforementioned views, the seven naye can also be divided into two categories in a third way—shabd-naya and arth-naya. Where the emphasis is on meaning, it is arth-naya, and where the emphasis is on words, it is shabd-naya. The first four naye are arth-naya, and the remaining three are shabd-naya. There are perspectives concerning life that split into two parts: one recognizing truth and the other contemplating truth solely as truth, i.e., tattu-sparshi (knowledge naya), and the part that perceives the complete understanding as digesting the experiential reality is action perspective (kriya-naya).
The above-mentioned seven naye, being principle-investigative, converge into knowledge naya. The perspective of bringing the researched truth into life is precisely kriya-naya. Action means making life truthful. 34-35.