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Types of Naya (Approaches)
Even after that, it has to be done.
Vyavahara Naya - When it is necessary to have a specific form of various objects or when there is a context for their use, it is important to differentiate and separate them. Merely saying 'cloth' does not lead to different understandings of various types of cloth. One who wants only khadi cannot obtain it without categorizing fabrics; thus, distinctions like khadi cloth, mill cloth, etc., also need to be made. Similarly, in the field of Tattva Jnana (Philosophy of Reality), even identical objects are classified into two types: sentient (chetana) and insentient (jada), and sentient principles are further divided into worldly (sansari) and liberated (mukta), which also requires such separations. All thoughts oriented towards such separations fall under the category of Vyavahara Naya.
From the above examples, it is clear that the foundation of Nigama Naya is based on Lokarūḍhi (common understanding). Lokarūḍhi is dependent on allegations, and allegations are generally based on the essence of the principles. Thus, it also becomes clear that Nigama Naya is commonly perceived. Sangraha Naya is clearly a unifying cognitive activity, thus inherently general. In Vyavahara Naya, although the cognitive activity is oriented towards differentiation, its effect remains general, hence it is also commonly perceived. Therefore, these three approaches are distinct branches of Dravyārthika Naya (substantial approach).
Question: What are the interrelations and distinctions among these three?
Answer: The subject of Nigama Naya is the most extensive, as it sometimes relies on the general and at other times on the specific, according to Lokarūḍhi, either in a subordinate or main capacity. Being merely general means that the subject of Sangraha is less than that of Nigama, and the subject of Vyavahara is even less than that of Sangraha, as it differentiates based on the main characteristics of the subjects compiled by Sangraha; hence, it is exclusively specific. Thus, as the area of subjects progressively decreases, there is a reciprocal hierarchical relationship among these three. Nigama Naya conveys the perception of generality, specificity, and the relationship between both. From this, Sangraha arises, and upon the foundation of Sangraha, the picture of Vyavahara is drawn.
Question: Similarly, explain the remaining four Nayas, provide examples, and share other information.
Answer: 1. The thought that perceives only the present without considering the past and future is known as Riju Sūtra.