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38
Tattvarthasutra
[1.34-35
When one is motivated to regard a complete understanding, they lose the patience to comprehend the thoughts of others. Ultimately, they impose completeness upon their own partial knowledge. This imposition leads to a lack of harmony among those who hold true yet differing views on the same subject. As a result, the gate to complete and true knowledge is closed.
When a person considers the thoughts of their revered teacher on any subject as comprehensive, they dismiss opposing views, even when those views hold truth, as non-evident and disregard them. Likewise, those with differing views disregard each other, resulting in inequality and disputes instead of harmony. Therefore, to open the door to truth and complete knowledge and resolve disputes, the establishment of Nayayoga has been promoted. It indicates that every thinker should examine whether their thought is worthy of being regarded as authoritative evidence before presenting it as such. Directing this through Nayayoga is a characteristic of Jain philosophy.
The general meaning is not a relative exposition of any subject.
In summary, there are two types of Naya - Dravyarthik and Parayarthik.
In the world, all objects, big or small, are neither entirely dissimilar nor entirely similar to one another. They possess both similarity and dissimilarity. Hence, it is said that "object alone" is general-specific (both attributes). The human intellect sometimes leans towards the general aspect of objects and sometimes towards the specific aspect. When it embraces the general aspect, that thought is termed Dravyarthik Naya, and when it embraces the specific aspect, it is called Parayarthik Naya. Not all general and specific views are the same; there are differences among them as well. This differentiation has been briefly divided into the two perspectives. There are three categories under Dravyarthik and four under Parayarthik, thus forming a total of seven categories, and these seven are the Nayas. It is not the case that special aspects come into Dravyadristi and general aspects do not come into Parayadristi. This differentiation of views is only regarding the principal versus subordinate aspects.
Question - Explain the above-mentioned two Nayas with simple examples. Answer - Any time, anywhere, and in any condition, consider the ocean...