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Tattvarthasutra
[1. 34-35 Samabhirudha and Evambhuta. This tradition belongs to Jain Agama and Digambara texts. The second tradition is from Siddhasena Divakara, who accepts the remaining six distinctions excluding the first, the Naigama. The third tradition pertains to the present sutra and its commentary. According to this, there are five fundamental distinctions of Naya, and later, the first Naigama Naya (according to the commentary) has two types: Deshparikshepi and Sarvaparikshepi, along with three types of the fifth word Naya: Samprat, Samabhirudha, and Evambhuta.
The essence of the definition of Nayas—There are multiple views of one or many things held by one or many individuals. The number of differing views about the same object becomes infinite. Therefore, it becomes impossible to grasp each thought related to the subject. Hence, leaving aside their excessively brief and overly detailed presentation, the definition of Naya is to present them through a middle path. This classification of thoughts is what is referred to as Naya. Naya philosophy signifies the interpretation of thoughts. In Naya philosophy, not only the discussion of results or subjects due to thoughts is involved. The main purpose of Naya philosophy is to examine the seeds of non-conflict in thoughts that appear contradictory to each other but are not actually in opposition. Thus, a concise definition of Naya philosophy could be: 'A scripture that reconciles thoughts by discovering the seeds of their actual non-contradiction appearing to be contradictory.' For instance, in the context of the soul, we find contradictory opinions. On one hand, there is the statement 'the soul is one', and on the other hand, the statement 'the soul is many'. Unity and plurality appear to contradict each other. In such a situation, the question arises whether this contradiction is real or not? If it is not real, then how? The Naya philosophy has found the answer, coordinating it in such a way that when viewed individually, the soul essence is many, but from the perspective of pure consciousness, it is one. By achieving this kind of reconciliation, Naya philosophy establishes non-contradiction or unity even in seemingly contradictory statements. Similarly, non-contradiction of eternal and non-eternal, doership and non-doership, etc., concerning the soul is also demonstrated by Naya philosophy. The seed of such non-contradiction lies in the perspective of the thinker (implying). For this perspective, the term "Apeksha" is used in the presented scripture. Hence, Naya philosophy is also referred to as Apekshavada.
The teaching and characteristics of Naya philosophy—In the definition of knowledge, 'Shrut' refers to 1. See-10 1, Sutra 20.