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## Eleventh Chapter: Primary
**645** Is the language of singular-plural, feminine singular-plural, neuter singular-plural words, a **Prajnaapani** (truth) or a **Mrusha** (falsehood)? And what are the sixteen types of **Vachan** (number), the four types of language, and the **Paraadhak** (beneficial) and **Viraadhak** (harmful) beings among those who speak with and without use of these? Also, among the four types of speakers: **Satyabhaashaak** (truthful speaker), **Asatyabhaashaak** (untruthful speaker), **Mishrabhaashaak** (mixed speaker), and **Vyavahaarabhaashaak** (practical speaker), who is less, more, equal, or superior to whom? All of this has been discussed in detail.
The **Dravya** (substance) of the language category, i.e., the **Pudgal** (matter) of language, extends to the **Anantpradeshi** (infinite) **Skandha** (aggregate), and that **Skandha** is also **Bhaashaayogya** (fit for language) only if it is located in an **Asankhyaatpradeshi** (innumerable) **Kshetra** (region), otherwise not. From the perspective of **Kaal** (time), the **Pudgal** of language are those that exist from one time to innumerable times, meaning their transformation into language form can last for one time or for innumerable times.
The **Pudgal** taken for language, in terms of their **Roop** (form), **Ras** (taste), **Gandh** (smell), and **Sparsh** (touch), are not the same in every **Bhaashaapudgal** (language matter). They include all types of **Pudgal**. In other words, it is not possible that any **Pudgal** in the form of **Ras**, **Gandh**, etc., is not **Bhaashaayogya** (fit for language). However, in **Sparsh**, only one **Sparsh** is present from the opposing **Sparsh**, therefore, each **Bhaashaapudgal** has two to four **Pudgal** of **Sparsh**.
The **Pudgal** taken for language transform into language form and come out. Only two **Kaal** (time) periods pass in this process: the first is the time of taking and the second is the time of its **Nissarg** (nature).
This is a comprehensive discussion of the many options for **Bhaasha-Dravya** (language substance) taken by a **Jiva** (living being).
The **Bhaasha-Dravya** (language substance) that a **Jiva** takes in the form of language, which are specific to **Varna** (color), **Gandh** (smell), **Ras** (taste), **Sparsh** (touch), etc., are they **Sthit** (located) or **Asthit** (not located)? If they are **Sthit** (located), are they **Aatmasprushta** (in contact with the soul) or not? This means that **Pudgal** are filled throughout the **Lokakasha** (universe), but the **Aatma** (soul) is only the size of the body. In this situation, the question arises: does the **Jiva** take **Bhaashaapudgal** from anywhere or only those **Pudgal** that are in contact with the **Aatma**?
Along with this, other solutions have also been given:
1. The **Jiva** only takes **Aatmasprushta** (in contact with the soul) **Bhaashaapudgal**.
2. The **Aatma**'s **Pradesha** (region) is as vast as the **Aakasha** (space), and the **Bhaashaapudgal** located in those regions are taken.
3. The **Bhaashaapudgal** that are **Niranta** (continuous) from that particular **Aatma-Pradesha** (soul region), i.e., the **Bhaashaapudgal** that are uninterruptedly present in that particular **Aatma-Pradesha** (soul region), are taken.
4. Whether those **Pudgal** are in the form of a small **Skandha** (aggregate) or in the form of a **Baadar** (cloud), they are taken.
5. Such **Bhaasha-Dravya** (language substance) taken are located in the **Urdhva** (upper), **Adhah** (lower), or **Tiryag** (horizontal) direction.
6. The **Jiva** takes these **Bhaasha-Dravya** (language substance) at the beginning, middle, and end.
7. And he takes them **Praanapurvi** (in order), taking the **Aasann** (nearby) one first.
8. And he takes **Bhaasha-Dravya** (language substance) that come from any of the six directions.
9. If a **Jiva** continuously speaks for a certain time, he has to continuously take **Bhaasha-Dravya** (language substance).
10. If he does not keep speaking continuously, he takes it **Saantar** (intermittently).
11. Language reaches the end of the **Lok** (universe). Therefore, the **Nirmaan** (emission) of **Pudgal** taken in the form of language happens in two ways: (1) In the same amount as...