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## Eleventh Discourse (Bhaṣāpad) of the Prajñāpanā Sūtra
This is the eleventh discourse (Bhaṣāpad) of the Prajñāpanā Sūtra. Language is a primary means for sentient beings to express their thoughts and feelings. Without it, the exchange of ideas, scholarly and practical studies, and the acquisition of knowledge become difficult. After the mind, 'speech' is a very powerful tool for a being. It can lead to both karma-binding and karma-destruction, both devotion and non-devotion. For this reason, the scholar has composed this discourse on language.
This discourse specifically considers:
* What is language? Is it a seed of understanding (avadhāraṇī-avabodha-bīja)?
* If it is a seed of understanding, then what kind of language is it among the four types of language: truth (satya), etc.?
* If it is all four types, then how?
* Which language is contradictory (virodhanī)?
* What is the source of language? If it is a being, then why?
* Where and how does language originate?
* What is the nature of language?
* How and where does language arise and end?
* How are the particles (pudgala) received and released in the substance of language?
* What is the duration of speech?
* How many types of language are there primarily?
* How many languages are permitted by the Lord among the four types of language presented?
* Which are the sufficient (paryāptikā) languages that can be understood in a representative manner, and which are the insufficient (aparyāptikā) languages that are the opposite?
Then, the ten types of each of the two divisions of sufficient (paryāptikā) language, truth (satya) and falsehood (mṛṣā), are explained in terms of the people (janapada-satya), etc., and anger-generated (krodha-niḥsṛta), etc., respectively. Subsequently, the two divisions of insufficient (aparyāptikā) language, truth-falsehood (satya-mṛṣā) and false-falsehood (asatya-mṛṣā), are explained, with ten and twelve types respectively.
Following this, it is explained which beings are speakers (bhāṣaka) and which are non-speakers (abhāṣaka) among all beings. It is also explained which languages are spoken by the inhabitants of the hell realms (dairya) to the inhabitants of the celestial realms (vaimānika) in the aforementioned four types of language.
In the middle and at the end of this discourse, the language of men, women, and neuter genders (strī-puruṣa-napumsaka-vacana), the language of men, women, and neuter genders that is knowledgeable (strī-puruṣa-napumsaka-prajñāpanī), the language of men, women, and neuter genders that is knowledgeable (strī-puruṣa-napumsaka-prajñāpanī-bhāṣā), and the language that is knowledgeable (prajñāpanī) or unknowledgeable (mṛṣā) are discussed from the perspective of individuals and species.
Is the language spoken by newborn infants or animals like camels in their immature state, except for those with specific knowledge, true?
Then, again, the masculine gender...