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## Fifth Special Chapter (Synonyms): Primary [557]
**[557] Though the number is stated as one, it is determined by comparing one hell being with another. For example, the description of the ten perspectives is as follows:**
**(1) Dravyarthata:** From the perspective of dravya (substance), one hell being is equal to other hell beings. That is, in relation to dravya, one hell being is a dravya, just as another hell being is also a dravya. The conclusion is that any hell being is considered one from the perspective of dravya, its number is not more than one, therefore it is sankhyat (countable).
**(2) Pradesh-arthata:** From the perspective of pradesh (space), hell beings are also equal to each other. That is, just as the pradeshes of one hell being are countless, so are the pradeshes of other hell beings, neither less nor more.
**(3) Avgahan-arthata:** If considered from the perspective of avgahana (height of the body of the being), one hell being is inferior, equal, or superior to another hell being, and it is countless-countable part inferior-superior or countable-countless-fold inferior-superior. The conclusion is that from the perspective of avgahana, countless types of synonyms of hell beings are formed.
**(4) Sthiti:** The consideration from the perspective of sthiti (position) is similar to that of avgahana. That is, it is inferior-superior or equal in the aforementioned four ways. The conclusion is that from the perspective of sthiti, countless types of synonyms of hell beings are formed.
**(5-8) Krishnadi Varna, Gandha, Rasa, and Sparsha:** From the perspective of Krishnadi Varna (black, etc., color), Gandha (smell), Rasa (taste), and Sparsha (touch), countless synonyms of hell beings are formed. This is because it is possible to have one-fold Krishnadi Varna, Gandha, Rasa, and Sparsha, and also countless-fold Krishnadi Varna, Gandha, Rasa, and Sparsha. Thus, from the perspective of each type of these four, countless synonyms of hell beings can be formed, hence they are called countless synonyms.
**(9-10) Jnana and Darshan:** From the perspective of Jnana (knowledge/ignorance) and Darshan (perception), countless synonyms of hell beings exist, say the scholars. Acharya Malayagiri says, "These ten perspectives can be included in four perspectives. For example, Dravyarthata and Pradesh-arthata can be included in dravya, Avgahana in kshetra (field), Sthiti in kala (time), and Varnadi and Jnanadi in bhava (state)."
* In the same way, further considerations of the synonyms of the beings of the twenty-four dandakas are made by taking into account the inferior, superior, and medium avgahana, sthiti, Varnadi, and Jnanadi.
* After this, the two divisions of ajiva (non-living) - arupi ajiva (formless non-living) and rupa ajiva (formful non-living) - are considered. The rupa ajiva has four types: paramanu (atom), skandha (aggregate), skandhadesh (space of the aggregate), and skandhapradesh (space of the space of the aggregate). However, here, the synonyms of only two types are mainly described: paramanu-pudgala (non-soul particle) and skandha (aggregate of many atoms).
* The first chapter describes the pudgala (rupa ajiva), which transforms into various forms, while this chapter describes the number of synonyms of the mentioned rupa ajiva divisions. First, the number of synonyms of rupa ajiva is stated as countless in general, and then countless synonyms are stated for each of the following: paramanu, dvipradeshi skandha (two-space aggregate), tripradeshi skandha (three-space aggregate), up to dashapradeshi skandha (ten-space aggregate), sankhyatpradeshi skandha (countable-space aggregate), asankhyatpradeshi skandha (countless-space aggregate), and anantpradeshi skandha (infinite-space aggregate). The consideration of the synonyms of all these is similar to that of the jiva (living being), dravya,