Disclaimer: This translation does not guarantee complete accuracy, please confirm with the original page text.
## Fifth Special Term (Synonym): Primary
[355 can also have a different meaning, the Acharya may have named this term 'Special Term' to indicate this, it is also possible. * The scholars have used the word synonym to indicate that no substance is ever without a synonym / Every substance is in some state of synonym. What is called substance, is also introduced in the present term by the name of synonym. In short, there is no difference between substance and synonym, to convey this, the scholar has also used the word synonym for the type of substance (Su. 439, 501) / * Thus, even though substance and synonym are in some way inseparable, the scholar had to make it clear that there is also a difference between substance and synonym. All these synonyms or results are not of the same substance, this information has been given by stating the difference in the number of substances and the number of synonyms. For example, the scholar has said that the number of hell beings is innumerable (Su. 439), but the synonyms of hell beings are infinite. Of the many types of living beings, plants and Siddhas are the only two types whose number of substances is infinite. Therefore, from a holistic perspective, the living substance can be said to be infinite, but in those types, except for the aforementioned two, all substances are innumerable, not infinite. Nevertheless, the number of synonyms of all those types is infinite, this is clearly stated in this term. Like Vedanta philosophy, according to Jain philosophy, the living substance is not one, but infinite / This means that from this perspective, there is no independent entity (unit) like the general living being, but the conscious qualities that are seen in many living beings are the same, and they are diverse and are present in that particular living being, and those qualities are what differentiate the living being from the non-living. Therefore, even though they are many, they are called general because they perform the function of differentiating the living being from the non-living in the same way. This general is a transversal general which is subjective to many at one time / According to Jain philosophy, one substance transforms into many forms, for example, one living being (substance) takes on many results (synonyms) like hell beings etc. / These results change over time, but the living substance is permanent, it never perishes; it perishes in the form of hell beings etc. synonyms. Even while taking on many synonyms like hell beings etc., it never becomes unconscious. This living substance is called general-upward general, which is present in one individual over many periods of time, and the various synonyms-results or special or differences of that general. From this perspective, the general of individual differences is transversal general, while the general of temporal differences is upward general; which is known by the name of substance and is one and becomes the cause in the knowledge of non-difference, while the transversal general is many, and becomes the cause in the knowledge of sameness. The conclusion is that the general living being is transversal general in relation to many living beings, while it is upward general in relation to the various synonyms of the same living being. 1. (a) Pannavanasutta Mula, Su. 438 to 454, (b) Prajnapanam. M. Vritti, Page No. 179. 202 2. Nyayavtar Vartika Vatti-Prastavana p. 25-31, Pagam Yug ka Jain Darshan, p. 76-86,