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* * The Fifth Special Chapter (Paryaya Chapter) This is the fifth special chapter or synonym chapter of the primary knowledge sutras. The word "special" has two meanings - (1) the special, i.e., type of substances like jiva and ajeeva, and (2) the special, i.e., synonym of substances like jiva and ajeeva. In the first chapter, the types of these two substances, jiva and ajeeva, along with their differences and sub-differences, have been explained. It has also been briefly repeated here (in sutras 436 and 500-501). This is because in this chapter, it is to be clarified that there are infinite synonyms for each of the types of jiva and ajeeva. If there are infinite synonyms for each, then there are infinite synonyms for all jivas or all ajeevas, what is there to say? Even though this chapter is named "Special Chapter", the word "special" is not used anywhere in the sutras of this chapter, the word "synonym" has been used for them throughout the chapter. In Jain scriptures, the word "synonym" has also been given more importance. From this, the author has indicated one thing - that there is no difference between synonym and special. All the different types of jivas or ajeevas that are seen are synonyms of the substance itself. Then, whether they are special types of the general or synonyms of the specific substance. The distinctions of naraka, etc., of jiva that have been explained, are all synonyms of that jiva substance, because from the beginningless time, jiva has been born in that form many times. Just as there are synonyms of one jiva, so all jivas have the same ability, so they have all taken birth in the form of naraka, tiryanch, etc. Thus, what is called type or distinction or special, is a synonym in relation to each jiva substance, it is a special state or result of jiva. In the present context, the word "synonym" has been used in two senses - (1) in the sense of type or distinction, and (2) in the sense of state or result. There are many distinctions or special types of naraka, etc., of the general jiva, therefore they have been called synonyms of jiva, and there are also many results or synonyms of the general jiva, therefore they have also been called synonyms of jiva. Similarly, one should understand in the case of ajeeva. Thus, the scholar has used the word "synonym" in two senses and has considered synonym and special to be synonymous. In Jain Agamas, the word "synonym" was prevalent, but in Vaisheshika Darshan, the word "special" started being used, therefore that word is used in the sense of synonym and object. 1. See, Tarka Sangraha and Vaisheshika Darshan.