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The 23rd Karma-pada is the state where the binding of Karmas like Jnanavaranīya etc. is minimal in the subtle Samprayā state, both in the case of Upaśamaka and Kṣapaka. Therefore, since the time of their binding is the same, it is said that either Upaśamaka or Kṣapaka. Although the time of binding for both Upaśamaka and Kṣapaka is minimal, there is a difference in the duration of that minimal time. The binding time of Kṣapaka should be considered double that of Upaśamaka. For example, the binding time of Jnanavaranīya Karma for a Kṣapaka in the 10th Gunasthāna is half the binding time of Upaśamaka, which ascends to a higher level and then descends back to the 10th Gunasthāna. Even then, the time is minimal. Thus, while describing the Samprayāyika binding of Vedaniya Karma, the minimal binding time of Kṣapaka is said to be 12 Muhūrta and that of Upaśamaka is 24 Muhūrta. The Kṣapaka of Nāma and Gotra Karma binds for 8 Muhūrta, while the Upaśamaka binds for 16 Muhūrta. However, the minimal binding of both Upaśamaka and Kṣapaka should be considered the most minimal binding compared to all other bindings. Therefore, it is said that the Upaśamaka and Kṣapaka beings, who are in the subtle Samprayā state, are the minimal binders of Karmas like Jnanavaranīya etc. The binder of the minimal state of Mohaniya Karma is the Upaśamaka or Kṣapaka being who is associated with the Bādar Samprayā. Who is the binder of the minimal state of Prāyu Karma and why? The being who is Asankṣepya-Addhāpraviṣṭa has a completely restricted lifespan. His lifespan is the largest time according to the Prākṣa measure. As soon as Prāyu is bound, his lifespan ends. Therefore, the Asankṣepya-Addhāpraviṣṭa being binds the most minimal state at the peak time of lifespan binding, i.e., in the eighth part of a Prākṣa measure. That state is capable of fulfilling the needs of the body and senses, but incapable of fulfilling the needs of breathing. Here, Asankṣepya-Addhā, Sarvaniruddha, and Charmakāla are some technical terms, their characteristics are as follows: Asankṣepya-Addhā - the time that cannot be shortened in any way, such as in three parts, is called Asankṣepya-Addhā. The lifespan of such a being is Sarvaniruddha. That is, the lifespan is extremely shortened due to the causes of the undertaking. Such a lifespan is limited only to the time of lifespan binding, not beyond. Charmakāla time - this word should not be taken to mean a subtle part, but should be understood as the aforementioned time, because it is not possible for the binding of lifespan to occur in less time.