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## Twenty-third Karma-pada:
**[37] One has to reside in the hells and other states of existence. Only after experiencing the bound lifespan, one gets liberation from that body. / The function of Ayukarma is not to give happiness or sorrow to the soul, but to keep it in a particular body for a fixed period. / Its nature is like a fetter (khoda-bedi).**
**Namakarma:** Form, type, and characteristics - The karma whose arising causes the soul to attain hell, animal, human, and celestial states, and to experience various good and bad states, or by which the soul experiences motion, etc., or various states, or body, etc., is called Namakarma. / There are 103, 63, or 42, or 67 divisions of Namakarma according to different perspectives. In the present sutras, 42 divisions of Namakarma are mentioned, which are mentioned in the original text. / Their characteristics are as follows: (1) **Gati-Namakarma** - The arising of which causes the soul to go to human, etc., states, or to attain the state of hell, animal, human, or celestial. The result in the form of hell, etc., is called Gati. There are 4 divisions of Gati, hell, etc. / The Namakarma that produces these states is called Gati-Namakarma. (2) **Jati-Namakarma** - The similar culmination (state of oneness) that occurs in the form of one-sense, etc., beings, is called Jati. / The soul acquires one, two, three, four, or five senses out of the five senses of touch, taste, etc., and is called one-sense, etc. The karma that is the cause of this type of Jati is called Jati-Namakarma. (3) **Sharira-Namakarma** - That which is constantly decaying (decaying moment by moment) is called Sharira. / The karma that generates bodies is Sharira-Namakarma. / That is, the karma whose arising causes the attainment of gross, subtle, etc., bodies, i.e., these bodies are formed. / There are 5 divisions of Sharira-Namakarma according to the divisions of bodies. (4) **Sharira-Angopaanga-Namakarma** - There are 8 limbs of the body, such as the brain. It is also said, 'Sise-muro-yer-pitthi-do-baahu-aruy-a-atthaga.' That is, head, chest, abdomen, back, two arms, and two thighs, these are the eight limbs of the body. / The limbs of these limbs, such as fingers, etc., are called Upaanga, and their limbs, such as the joints of the fingers, etc., are Angopaanga. The karma whose arising causes the transformation of pudgalas in the form of limbs, Upaanga, etc., i.e., the karma that is the cause of Angopaanga, is Angopaanga-Namakarma. This karma is only of three types, because there are no Angopaanga in the Tejas and Karman bodies. (5) **Sharira-Bandhana-Namakarma** - By which the body is bound, i.e., the karma that creates a relationship between the previously acquired gross, etc., body and the gross, etc., pudgalas to be acquired in the present, i.e., with the Tejas, etc., pudgalas, is Sharira-Bandhana-Namakarma. (6) **Sharira-Sanhanana-Namakarma** - The specific structure of bones is called Sanhanana. Sanhanana can only occur in the gross body, not in other bodies, because other bodies do not have bones. Therefore, the karma whose arising causes the joints of the bones in the body to be strong is called Sanhanana-Namakarma. 1. (a) Prajnaapana (Pramaayaboadhini Teeka), Bha. 5, p. 251 (b) Karmagranth, Bha. 1 (Marudharakesari Vyakhya), Pr. 94