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**Action: A Contemplation**
"Kriya" is a verb. In ancient times, the word "kriya" was used for meritorious and non-meritorious actions, virtue and vice, skillful and unskillful karma, and the word "kriyavadi" was used for those who performed actions. The word "kriya" has been used in many places in the meaning presented in the Agamas and Pali-Pitakas. This passage discusses action and karma. Karma means desire or impressions, which cause rebirth. When we imagine the birth and rebirth of the soul, then it becomes necessary to contemplate karma as its cause. In the time of Mahavira and Buddha, the word "kriyavaad" was prevalent for those who believed in karma. Therefore, the words "kriyavaad" and "karmavaad" became synonymous. Later, over time, the word "karmavaad" became prevalent in place of "kriyavaad". One reason for this is that as the subtlety of karma-thought increased, it also moved away from action-thought. This action-thought is present before us as the background of karma-thought. In "Prajnaapana", the word "kriya" is used, in "Sutrakritanga" the word "kriyasthan" is used, and in "Bhagavati" there is a discussion of action and "kriyavaad" on many occasions. This shows how important the discussion of action was at that time. This passage contemplates action from different perspectives. The general meaning of "kriya" is tendency, but here the word "kriya" is used in the sense of a specific tendency. Because there is no object in the world that does not have the capacity to act. An object is that which has the capacity to act, that which does not have the capacity to act is not an object. Therefore, every object has a tendency, but here the word "kriya" is used only for a specific tendency. Five types of "kriya" have been described: "kayiki", "praadhikaraniki", "praadveshiki", "paritaapaniki", and "praanaatipaatki". These five divisions of "kriya" have been made keeping in mind violence and non-violence. All eighteen "paapaasthanas" - "praanaatipaat", "mrishvaad", "adattadaan", etc. - are included in these five actions. In the third form, five types of "kriya" are described as follows: "praarambhiya", "pariggahiya", "mayaavattiya", "appachakkaanakriya", and "bhicchaadasanavattiya". These five actions are also included in the eighteen "paapaasthanas". Here, it is also explained who performs which action. For example, the action that occurs from "praanaatipaat" occurs in relation to the "shatjivanikaaya". The beings of the twenty-four "dandakas" like hell perform six types of "praanaatipaat". "Mrishvaad" is done in relation to all substances. "Adattadaan" occurs in relation to the substance that is taken. "Maithun" occurs in relation to form and those who have form. "Parigrah" occurs in relation to all substances. There is also a discussion about how many types of karma are bound by actions like "praanaatipaat", etc. "Sthaanaanga" 76 discusses the different types of actions in detail. There, "jivakriya", "ajivakriya", and then their divisions, sub-divisions - a total of seventy-two are mentioned. "Sutrakritanga" 60 mentions thirteen "kriyasthanas".