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The Vedic texts mention various types of penances and their methods. We are highlighting some of them. This penance involves standing in water and reciting the Aghmarsha mantras three times a day. This penance is mentioned in the Rig Veda, Bodhayana Dharma Sutra, Vasishtha Smriti, Manusmriti, Yajnavalkya Smriti, Vishnu Purana, Shankha Smriti, etc.
The second is the Atikachch penance. According to Acharya Manu, it involves eating only one mouthful of food in the morning and one mouthful in the evening for three days, then eating one mouthful of food without asking for three more days, and finally fasting for three days.
The Atisantapan penance lasts for eighteen days. It involves eating cow's urine and five other substances for six days.
The Ardhakruchch penance lasts for six days. It involves eating only once a day, then eating only in the evening, then eating without asking for two days, and finally fasting completely.
In the Gomutra Kruchch penance, a cow is fed barley and wheat, and then the number of grains that come out of the cow's dung is used to make a porridge and dumplings in cow's urine.
The Chandrayan penance involves eating according to the waxing and waning of the moon. The Bodhayana Dharma Sutra mentions two types of Chandrayan penance: Yavamdhya, which is thick in the middle and thin at both ends like barley, and Pipilikamdhya, which is thin in the middle and thick at both ends like an ant. Manusmriti, Yajnavalkya Smriti, and Vasishtha Smriti define Chandrayan Yavamdhya as follows: one mouthful on the first day of the bright fortnight,