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4. Penance does not destroy sins committed knowingly, but if the sinner performs penance, he becomes worthy of coming into contact with other people. Manu has also written - He should not come into contact with the wise until he has performed penance. The Smritis have provided for penance for the atonement of sins here and there. In the Gautama Dharma Sutra, Vasishtha Smriti, 3 Manusmriti, Yajnavalkya Smriti, those great sages have prescribed that one who has committed adultery with his mother, sister, daughter-in-law, etc., should have his testicles and penis cut off and should walk in the south or south-west direction until his body falls on the ground. Acharya Manu has written that a thief should go to the king with a pestle or mace or a sharp weapon, which was a kind of spear, or an iron rod, and declare his crime. If he dies or survives half-dead after being beaten once by the king, he is freed from the crime of theft.
In the Vedic tradition, the literature on penance has been very vast. The reason for this was that penance was of great importance to the common people in ancient times. See, out of 28 chapters of Gautama Dharma Sutra, 10 chapters describe penance. Out of 30 chapters printed in Vasishtha Dharma Sutra, 9 chapters are full of description of penance. There are a total of 222 verses in Manusmriti related to penance. Yajnavalkya Smriti chapter 3 has 1009 verses. Out of these, 122 verses are based on penance. Shatatap Smriti has only 274 verses describing penance. The same is mentioned in the Puranas as well. For example, Agni Purana (chapters 168-174), Garuda Purana 52, Kurma Purana (latter half 30-34), Varaha Purana (131-136), Brahmanda Purana (Upasangarapada chapter 9), Vishnu Dharmaottaramrita (2, 73, 3/234-237) describe penance. Mitakshara, Aparak Parasharamaadhaviya etc. commentaries have also discussed penance in detail. In addition to these, there are detailed descriptions of penance in Prayaschittaprakaran, Prayaschittaviveka, Prayaschittatattva, Smritimuktaphal (Prayaschitta related chapter), Prayaschittasar, Prayaschittamayukha, Prayaschittaprakash, Prayaschittendusekhar.
It should also be remembered that penance was not the same for all people. Even for the same crime, there was a difference in giving penance. The severity and duration of penance depended on whether the person was committing the crime for the first time or for many times. There was a council that provided penance. They would decide the penance according to the gravity and nature of the crime of the offender. There were four main levels of penance. (1) Going to the council or (2) Proper penance proclamation by the council, (3) Performance of penance, (4) Publication of the sinner's atonement.
1.
2.
3. Vasishtha Smriti 20/13
4.
Musmriti 11/47
Gautama Dharma Sutra 23/10-11
5.
6.
Manusmriti 91/104 Yajnavalkya Smriti 3/259 Manusmriti 8/314-315
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