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[Upasakadasangasutra]
The time of Lord Mahavira was an era where cattle herding was prevalent in the country. The wealthy householders of that time kept thousands of cows. As mentioned earlier, cattle wealth was a symbol of prosperity, and it was also important for its utility and for providing employment to a large number of people. In such a cow-centric era, the importance of the cowherd - the Gop - was not less. The metaphor of Lord Mahavira as 'Maha Gop' described here hints at the society's cow-herding culture. The Gop, who controls the cows, does not let them wander in search of better grass, etc., does not let them get lost, and brings them back to their enclosure in the evening. Similarly, this metaphor envisions the Lord as a protector and benefactor of the people, who saves beings from wandering in the world and guides them safely to the enclosure of liberation.
The term 'Mahasarthavah' is also very significant. In those days, Sarthavah referred to merchants who traveled long distances for trade, either by land or by water. If they traveled by land, they would carry many carts and wagons loaded with goods, selling them where they found profit and loading up with cheaper goods elsewhere. If these journeys were by sea, they would take ships. The journeys were quite long, and the ship would carry all the necessary things along with the goods to be sold, such as drinking water, food, medicines, etc. The conductor of these journeys was called Sarthavah.
A special feature of such a Sarthavah was that when he wanted to undertake such a trade journey, he would announce it openly in the entire city. Anyone who wished to join this journey for trade could come with their goods in carts, wagons, or ships, and the Sarthavah would take care of all the arrangements. If they ran short of money, the Sarthavah would provide it. This was a great convenience for small traders with limited resources, as they did not have the means to travel alone. There was also the fear of robbery and plunder on long journeys, which was not a concern with the Sarthavah, as he would have an armed contingent of guards with him.
Thus, small traders could rely on their meager resources to trade far and wide. From a social perspective, this tradition was indeed very useful and important. Therefore, the Sarthavah enjoyed great social prestige and respect in those days.
Jain Agamas describe many such Sarthavahs. For example, the 15th study of Nayadhammakhao describes the Blessed Sarthavah. When he wanted to undertake a trade journey from Champa to Ahikshatra, he made a similar public announcement in the city, inviting anyone who wished to join his Sarth to do so willingly.
Acharya Haribhadra, in the fourth Bhava of Samradityakatha, mentions a similar journey of a Sarthavahputra named Dhan, when he was traveling from his residence, Susharmanagar, to Tamralipti. He also made a similar...