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A formal or non-fruitive shedding of karma is called **avipaak nirjara**, while an informal or fruitive shedding of karma is called **savipaak nirjara**. Forcing karma to arise through austerities, etc., and then shedding it without experiencing its fruit is **avipaak nirjara**. Naturally shedding karma by experiencing its fruit at every moment is **savipaak nirjara**. Every being experiences **savipaak nirjara** every moment, every instant. New karmas keep taking the place of old karmas. Burning away karmas before they bear fruit through the fire of austerity is **aupakramik nirjara**. The fruit of karma cannot be avoided, "Karma that is not experienced does not decay even after millions of kalpas" - this rule applies to the **pradeshodaya** but not to the **vipaakodaya**. The present statement applies to ordinary worldly souls who are **pravahapatita**. **Purusharthi** seekers burn all karmas in an instant in the fire of meditation. Thus, the first **samavaya** sheds light on the main principles of Jainism - soul, non-soul, bondage, causes of bondage, liberation, and causes of liberation. The description of the non-soul along with the soul is necessary because the soul is deviating from its own nature due to non-living, **paudgalik** karmas. From the perspective of collection, the author has expressed profound secrets in this **samavaya**.
**Second Samavaya: Analysis**
The second **samavaya** describes two types of punishment, two types of bondage, two constellations - **Purvafalguni** and **Uttarafalguni**, two stars in these constellations, two states of hellish beings and gods, two metaphors of **palyopam** and **sagaropama**, and two types of existence for **bhavasiddhik** beings who attain liberation. First, it describes punishment. **Artha-danda** and **anarth-danda** are the two types of punishment. The act of violence, etc., that is done for the protection of one's own body, for the sustenance of family, society, country, and nation is **artha-danda**. The intention to begin is not the main thing in **artha-danda**. It is undertaken to achieve a purpose, motivated by duty. **Anarth-danda** means to commit sin without any purpose, uselessly. The thermometer for measuring **artha-danda** and **anarth-danda** is **viveka** (discernment). Many actions are **artha** due to specific circumstances. When circumstances change, the same actions become **anarth**. Acharya Umaswati has defined the words **artha** and **anarth** in such a way that what is consumed and enjoyed is **artha** for the **shravak**, and what is different from that, in which there is no consumption or enjoyment, is **anarth-danda**. Acharya Abhaydeva has written that the meaning of **artha** is "purpose". A householder protects his field, house, grain, wealth, or sustains his body, etc. In all these activities, the oppression of beings through initiation is **artha-danda**. Punishment, suppression, torture, and destruction are all synonymous. In contrast to **artha-danda**, only carelessness, foolishness, and unwise, purposeless, useless destruction of beings is **anarth-danda**. The seeker avoids **anarth-danda**.
After **artha-danda** and **anarth-danda**, the statement of living beings and non-living beings is made. The commentator, Acharya Abhaydeva, has indicated in his commentary that this topic should be understood from the **Prajnapanasutra** along with its divisions and subdivisions. Without going into that much detail here, we will point out that place to the readers and mention that there was a great deal of disagreement about the number of living and non-living elements during the time of Lord Mahavira. On the one hand, the Upanishads believed that the entire universe is the result of a single element, while on the other hand, according to the Sankhya, there are living beings and non-living beings.