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The *Mahapuraana* (Great Purana), which includes the *Uttara-puraana* (Later Purana), was composed by Acharya Jinasena and Gunabhadra, drawing heavily on the *aagamic* tradition and post-canonical works like the *Tiloy-pannash* by Yativrishabha and the *Vaagartha Sangraha* by Kavi Parameshthi. However, their work proved so authoritative, comprehensive, and superior that earlier works on the same subjects were largely eclipsed. It is therefore no surprise that the works of authors like Kavi Parameshthi were neglected and eventually lost to the passage of time.
This *Mahapuraana* served as a direct and sole source, if not, then certainly as an ideal for the works of the Apabhramsha poet Pushpadanta, the Sanskrit poets Hemachandra and Maashaadhara, the Kannada poet Chaamundaaraaya, and the Tamil poet Shri-puraanakara. In addition, Jain authors who wrote about the lives of individual Tirthankaras, Chakravartis, or ancient heroes like Bahubali, Pradyumna, and Jeevandhara, are also indebted to these texts for their descriptive details and expansions.
The *Mahapuraana* is divided into two parts. The first part is called the *Adi-puraana* (First Purana) and contains forty-seven *parvas* (chapters). The second part, the *Uttara-puraana*, contains twenty-nine *parvas*. Thus, the entire *Mahapuraana* comprises seventy-six *parvas* with a total of approximately twenty thousand verses. Forty-two *parvas* of the *Adi-puraana* and three verses of the forty-third *parva*, totaling about twelve thousand verses, are attributed to Acharya Jinasena, while the rest of the text is the work of his disciple, Acharya Gunabhadra. The *Adi-puraana* only narrates the lives of the first Tirthankara and the first Chakravarti. The biographies of the remaining sixty-one *shalaaka* (illustrious) men are recorded in the *Uttara-puraana*. This clearly indicates that the *Uttara-puraana* focuses more on the names and deeds of these individuals than on detailed descriptions, which is evident in its relatively shorter length of about ten thousand verses.
As a skilled interpreter of various aspects of Jainism and a successful artist of the Sanskrit language, Jinasena holds a unique position in Indian literature, both in terms of the authority and quality of his work. We have very little information about his personal life, but his few verses at the end of his commentary on the *Jayadhavala* provide some glimpses into his personality. It seems he took Jain initiation at a very young age and from then on, he remained fully dedicated to the strict observance of celibacy and to religious and literary pursuits. Although he was physically frail and not considered handsome, he was strong in his austerities and gifted with intelligence, patience, humility, and other virtues. He can be considered an embodiment of knowledge and spirituality.
From the perspective of monastic life, Jinasena was not just an individual but an institution in himself. He was a great disciple of the great teacher, Virasena. He completed his commentary on his teacher's *Jayadhavala* in the Saka year 759 (837 CE). Similarly, his disciple Gunabhadra completed his *Mahapuraana* shortly before the Saka year 819 (897 CE), after Jinasena's death. They were members of the *Panchastupaanvaya* monastic order, which also included Guhanandi, Vrishabhanandi, Chandrasena, Aryanandi, and Virasena. This *Panchastupaanvaya* was once centered in northeastern India. It is believed that the monks of this order were the greatest custodians of Jain knowledge about the theory of karma. They traveled through Rajasthan and Gujarat to southern India, reaching Shravanabelagola. Wherever they went, they carried with them their traditional knowledge of karma theory and followed the path of rigorous austerity. Virasena and Jinasena achieved such renown that after their time, their monastic order became more widely known as the *Senaanvaya* or *Senagana* instead of the *Panchastupaanvaya*.
Jinasena's time was an era of political stability, prosperity, and scholarly advancement. His contemporary ruler was the Rashtrakuta king Jagatunga, also known as Amoghavarsha (815-877 CE). His capital was Manyakheta, which was a hub for scholars. Amoghavarsha was not only a powerful emperor but also a patron of literature. He himself was interested in scholarly discussions and possessed literary skills. A Kannada work on poetics, *Kavi-raaj-maarg*, is attributed to him.