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## From a causal perspective:
**31**
The scriptures have extensively discussed the nature and causes of the *parivāha* and their *jaya*. The meaning of *parivāha* and their *jaya* is to restrain one's mind from going towards them when they arise due to obstacles and to remain engaged in essential activities like self-study, meditation, etc. Considering this nature of *parivāha* and their *jaya*, it becomes clear that the *pramatta-samyata* *guṇasthāna* is the only one where the mind goes towards them when they arise due to obstacles, and the being strives to restrain the mind from these *parivāha*. However, the situation in the higher *guṇasthānas* is different. There, even in the presence of external causes, the mind does not even slightly enter them. Not only that, but further on, a situation arises where neither external causes are present nor the mind remains. Therefore, in these *guṇasthānas*, the *parivāha* are only instructed by considering the internal causes.
Causes are also of two types: external causes and internal causes. There is no rule for the presence of external causes. Some may be attainable, and some may not. But internal causes are found in everyone. This is why the texts of both the Digambara and Svetambara traditions, when considering the causes of *parivāha*, primarily point to internal causes. This is why in the *Tattvārthasūtra*, these internal causes are described as the *udaya* of *jñānāvaraṇa*, *vedanīya*, *darśana-mohaniya*, *cāritra-mohaniya*, and *antarāya*, not in any other form.
There are twenty-two *parivāha* in total. Among them, *prajñā* and *ajñāna* *parivāha* occur in the *udaya* of *jñānāvaraṇa*. The *udaya* of *jñānāvaraṇa* occurs up to the *kṣīṇa-moha* *guṇasthāna*, therefore, their *sadbhāva* is said to be up to the *kṣīṇa-moha* *guṇasthāna*. However, this does not mean that the *vikalpa* that can occur in a *pramatta-samyata* being due to *prajñā* and *ajñāna* also occurs in the *aprammatta-samyata* and other *guṇasthānas*. Even though such *vikalpa* does not occur in the higher *guṇasthānas*, the *udaya* of *jñānāvaraṇa* is found there, therefore, their *sadbhāva* is said to be there.
*Adarśana-parivāha* occurs in the *udaya* of *darśana-mohaniya*, and *alābha-parivāha* occurs in the *udaya* of *antarāya*. It is not hidden from any student of karma-śāstra that the *udaya* of *darśana-mohaniya* occurs only up to the *aprammatta-samyata* *guṇasthāna*, therefore, the *sadbhāva* of *adarśana-parivāha* can be said to be up to this *guṇasthāna* at most. And the *udaya* of *antarāya* occurs up to the *kṣīṇa-moha* *guṇasthāna*, therefore, the *sadbhāva* of *alābha-parivāha* is said to be up to there. But in terms of function, both these *parivāha* should be known to be up to the *pramatta-samyata* *guṇasthāna* only. Their *sadbhāva* further on is said only in relation to the *udaya* of *darśana-mohaniya* and the *udaya* of *antarāya*.
**Introduction**
It is also desirable to consider here, in passing, what the *Tattvārthasūtra* author, Ācārya Gṛddhpiṭṭha, meant by the term *bādarasāmprāya* when he states the *sadbhāva* of all *parivāha* in a *bādarasāmprāya* being. We have already written that the *udaya* of *darśana-mohaniya* occurs only up to the *aprammatta-samyata* *guṇasthāna*, therefore, the *sadbhāva* of *adarśana-parivāha* cannot be considered to be beyond the *aprammatta-samyata* *guṇasthāna* in any way. In such a situation, the meaning of *bādarasāmprāya* can only be a being with gross *kaṣāya*. This is why, in *Sarvārthasiddhi*, while explaining this term, it is said that "This is not the acceptance of a particular *guṇasthāna*. Then what is it? It is a meaningful instruction. It accepts *pramatta* etc. *samyata*."
But in the *Tattvārthabhāṣya*, the sūtra "Mādarasāmprāye sabai" is explained in these words: "Bāvarasāmyarāyasaṃyate sarve dvāviṃśatir api parīṣhaḥ saṃbhavanti." That is, all twenty-two *parivāha* are possible in a *bādarasāmprāya* *samyata*. The main commentator of the *Tattvārthabhāṣya* is Siddhasena Gaṇi. He explains the above words of the *Tattvārthabhāṣya* in these words:
1. Nevaṃ guṇasthāna viśeṣa grahaṇam. Kiṃ tarhi? Arthanirdeśaḥ tena pramattādīnāṃ saṃyatādīnāṃ grahaṇam. Saṃ. [A. 9, Sū. 12