Disclaimer: This translation does not guarantee complete accuracy, please confirm with the original page text.
## 2401 Sarvarthasiddhi
[5139 8602] It would be so. Therefore, a separate explanation of time is being made. If there are many substances, what is the proof of this? There are as many Kalaanu as there are regions of the Lokakasha, and they are inactive. In each region of the Lokakasha, one Kalaanu is spread throughout the Lokakasha and arranged. It is said:
"In each region of the Lokakasha, there are as many Kalaanu as there are grains of sand.
They should be considered like the heaps of grains."
They are formless due to the absence of qualities like form.
**Explanation:** If Kala is placed before Akasha, it acquires the status of a single substance. All these defects should not remain, therefore, a separate explanation of Kala is given.
**Doubt:** Kala is many substances, what is the proof of this?
**Solution:** There are as many Kalaanu as there are regions of the Lokakasha, and they are inactive. This means that one Kalaanu is present in each region of the Lokakasha. It is also said: "In each region of the Lokakasha, those that are present like heaps of grains of sand, know them as Kalaanu." These Kalaanu are formless because they are devoid of qualities like form.
**Special Note:** Earlier, the existence of the first five substances was discussed. Here, the sixth substance, Kala, is being considered. There are two opinions in the Shvetambar tradition regarding whether Kala is a substance or not. One opinion accepts Kala as a substance, while the other does not consider Kala as an independent substance. According to this second opinion, the form of time that is experienced as day-night, hour-minute, moment-instant, etc., due to the Sun, etc., is a modification of the Pudgala substance. But the question to be considered is: What is the cause of the transformation of these living beings, Pudgala, etc., substances? If it is said that being born, being destroyed, and remaining constant are the nature of every substance, then what is the need to believe in another cause? To this question, the argument is that if the transformation of every substance is considered to be entirely due to its nature, then what is the objection to considering motion, rest, and perception as entirely due to its nature? And in such a situation, only two substances, Jiva and Pudgala, would remain, and the absence of other substances would be obtained. Why only this? Even the bondage of Jiva and Pudgala, and Pudgala and Pudgala, would have to be considered entirely natural. There would be no need to believe in the cause-effect relationship, and in such a state, even a liberated Jiva would naturally become bound, and a worldly Jiva would become liberated without any effort. If it is said that motion, rest, etc., are actions, and all actions occur only when these two, cause and material, come together, therefore, the existence of Dharma, Adharma, and Akasha substances is accepted as the cause of actions like motion, rest, and perception, then what is the harm in accepting the existence of Kala substance as the cause of the transformation of every substance? That is, nothing. Considering this, the existence of Kala substance is proved.
Still, this Kala substance is neither countless-regioned nor infinite-regioned like Jiva and other substances, but there are as many Kala substances as there are regions of the Lokakasha, and each Kala substance is present in each region of the Lokakasha. The explanation is as follows:
There are two types of expansion: horizontal expansion and vertical expansion. The expansion of regions is called horizontal expansion, and the expansion of non-causal modifications is called vertical expansion. Akasha is infinite-regioned because it is present everywhere, Dharma and Adharma are countless-regioned because they are present in countless regions, and Jiva is countless-regioned because it is present in countless regions.