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-5139 6 602] Chapter Five
[239 8602. Question: What is the remaining part of the sentence "dravya"? Answer: It is "dravya". Question: Why is it "dravya"? Answer: Because it possesses the characteristics of a dravya. Two characteristics of dravya have been mentioned: "That which is endowed with production, destruction, and dhrauvya is sat" and "That which has guna and paryaya is dravya". Both these characteristics are present in time. For example, dhrauvya is self-caused in time, because it establishes the order of its own nature. Destruction and production are other-caused, and they are also self-caused in relation to the increase and decrease of the guna of heavy and light. Similarly, there are two types of guna in time: ordinary and extraordinary. The extraordinary guna is the cause of activity, and the ordinary guna is the nature of being inanimate, formless, subtle, heavy, and light. Paryaya can also be attributed to the characteristics of destruction and production. Therefore, since time possesses both types of characteristics, it is established that time is a dravya like space, etc. The reason for its existence has been explained like that of dharma, etc., as "The characteristic of time is activity". Question: Why is time mentioned separately? It should have been mentioned along with dharma, etc., in the first sutra, which would then be "Ajivikaaya dharmadharmaaakaashakaalapudgalaah". Answer: This is not a valid question, because if it were mentioned there, it would be considered a kaya. But time is not considered a kaya, because it lacks the concept of both primary and secondary pradeshaprachaya. The primary pradeshaprachaya of dharma, etc., has been mentioned in sutras like "Asankhyeyaah pradeshaah". Similarly, the secondary pradeshaprachaya of an atom, which has only one pradesha, has been mentioned in relation to the nay of knowing the past and future. But time does not have the concept of both types of pradeshaprachaya, therefore it is not a kaya. Furthermore, if time is included in the first sutra, then in the sutra "Nishkriyaani cha", where dharma, etc., up to space are said to be inactive, time would also become active, just like jiva and pudgala become active. Question: To avoid this flaw, should time be placed before space? Answer: This is not correct, because the sutra "Aa aakaashaadekadravyaani" states that 1. iti. Kimartha- Mu. 2. -taraprasha- Mu. 3. -pudgalaadiinaam Mu. 4. -shyete. Aa aaka- Aa., Di. 1