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## Chapter Twenty-One:
**The Nishad, Shadava, Gandhara, and Arshabha**
**Verse 209:** The Gandhara, Arshabha, Nishad, and Shadava are the six middle notes of the Shadja Kaishiki.
**Verse 210:** The Grahas and Nyasas of all three Jatis have been described. The Gandhara, Arshabha, Nishad, and Panchama are the four initial Grahas.
**Verse 211:** The Shadja, Arshabha, Madhyama, and Panchama are the final Grahas.
**Verse 212:** In the Madhyama Jati, the Gandhara and Dhaivata are the Grahas. The Nishad, Shadja, Gandhara, Madhyama, and Panchama are the Grahas of the Rakta Gandhara.
**Verse 213:** The Grahas of the Kaishiki are the Arshabha, Yoga, and all the notes.
**Verse 214:** All the notes are known as Grahas, and the Shadja and Madhyama are the Grahas. Thus, there are sixty-three Grahas and as many Amshas in each Jati.
**Verse 215:** The Grahas are to be known as Amshas in all the Jatis. The three Jatis have three types of Gunas.
**Verse 216:** There are six Gunas, which are the increasing notes: Ekasvara, Dvisvara, Trisvara, Chatursvara, Panchasvara, Shashsvara, and Saptaka.
**Verse 217:** The Graha and Amsha calculations have been explained earlier.
**Verse 218:** In the Shadja, there are five notes excluding the Nishad and Arshabha. The Gandhara and Panchama are the Upanyasas.
**Verse 219:** The sixth note is the Nyasa, and the Arshabha and seventh note are omitted. The Gandhara should be emphasized by the performer.
**Verse 220:** In the Arshabha, the Nishad and Dhaivata are the Amshas and Upanyasas, and the Arshabha is the Nyasa.
**Verse 221:** In the Dhaivata, the Dhaivata and Arshabha are the Nyasas, and the Dhaivata, Arshabha, and Panchama are the Upanyasas.
**Verse 222:** In this Jati, five notes are used, excluding the Shadja and Panchama. The Shadava is defined as the remaining notes excluding the Panchama.
**Verse 223:** The Pancha-svara and Shadava are both Arohaniya (ascending) and Langhaniya (passing). Similarly, the Nishad, Arshabha, and Gandhara are strong.
**Verse 208-209:** The Shadja and Madhyama are the two Amshas and Grahas in the Dodi Jati. The Dhaivata, Arshabha, and Nishad are the three Amshas and Grahas in the Arshabha Jati. The Shadava, Gandhara, and Arshabha are the three Amshas and Grahas in the Nishadini Jati. Similarly, the Shadja, Gandhara, and Madhyama are the three Amshas and Grahas in the Shadja Kaishiki.
**Verse 210-211:** The Grahas and Nyasas of all three Jatis have been described. The Gandhara, Arshabha, Nishad, and Panchama are the four initial Grahas. The Shadja, Arshabha, Madhyama, and Panchama are the final Grahas.
**Verse 212-214:** In the Madhyama Jati, the Gandhara and Dhaivata are the Grahas. The Nishad, Shadja, Gandhara, Madhyama, and Panchama are the Grahas of the Rakta Gandhara. The Grahas of the Kaishiki are the Arshabha, Yoga, and all the notes. All the notes are known as Grahas, and the Shadja and Madhyama are the Grahas. Thus, there are sixty-three Grahas and as many Amshas in each Jati.
**Verse 215:** The Grahas are to be known as Amshas in all the Jatis. The three Jatis have three types of Gunas.
**Verse 216-217:** There are six Gunas, which are the increasing notes: Ekasvara, Dvisvara, Trisvara, Chatursvara, Panchasvara, Shashsvara, and Saptaka. The Graha and Amsha calculations have been explained earlier.