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## Seventh Chapter
The time-substance is devoid of color, smell, taste, and touch, and is light and heavy, and is characterized by its movement. It is of two types: primary and secondary. ||1||
Just as the dharma-substance is the cause for the movement of the jiva and pudgala, the adharma-substance is the cause for their staying, and the akasha-substance is the cause for their pervading all substances, similarly, the **determining time-substance** is the cause for the movement of all substances in the form of six-fold loss and gain, i.e., the transformation. ||2||
Just as the dharma, adharma, and akasha-substances are determined by the knowledge of the scriptures, similarly, the wise should also determine the time-substance. ||3||
The transformation of jivas and pudgalas is of many kinds, and the activity of the secondary time is dependent on the primary time. ||4||
All substances undergo transformation in the form of becoming and ceasing, and these transformations are caused by their internal and external causes. ||5||
Among these internal and external causes, the internal cause is the inherent potentiality of the substance, which always resides in it, and the external cause is the **determining time-substance**, as determined by the wise teachers. ||6||
The time-atoms, devoid of mutual penetration, exist separately, pervading all the realms and the space, and are accumulated in the form of a mass. ||7||
From the perspective of the substance-realization, the time-atoms are devoid of transformation, and hence, being free from production and destruction, they are eternal and remain in their own nature. ||8||
From the perspective of the relative-realization, due to the presence of the qualities of lightness and heaviness, the time-atoms undergo transformation every moment, and due to their dependence on other substances, they are also impermanent. ||9||
The time-atoms are considered to be of three types because they are the cause of the three types of time: past, present, and future. They are also called infinite because they are the producers of infinite times. ||10||
The time arises from those causal time-atoms, and it is true that without a cause, an effect never arises. ||11||
If an effect, which is non-existent, arises on its own without a cause, then why does the horn of a donkey not arise on its own? ||12||
The time-effect does not arise from any cause other than time, because a sprout of barley never arises from a seed of rice. ||13||