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## Introduction
In sections 71-72, the concept of *anekanta* (non-absolutism) is established by examining the various relationships between elements and their components, qualities and their possessors, etc. This is done by applying the seven-fold *saptabhangi* process, which demonstrates how these relationships can be characterized by both unity (non-difference) and difference (plurality).
This chapter critiques various one-sided views (like *bhedaikanta* - absolute difference, *abhedaikanta* - absolute non-difference) held by different schools of thought regarding difference and non-difference. It then establishes the *anekanta* view through the application of *syadvada* (conditional logic).
## Chapter Five
This chapter, through three *karikas* (aphorisms) 73-75, examines the views of those who assert the nature of reality based solely on dependence or solely on independence.
* **Karika 73** states that if the validity of dharma (object) and dharmi (subject), visheshana (modifier) and visheshya (modified), karya (effect) and karana (cause), and pramana (proof) and prameya (object of proof) is solely dependent, then their establishment is impossible. This is because they would be mutually dependent, like two swimmers drowning in a river, each relying on the other for support, leading to the demise of both. Conversely, if their validity is solely independent, then statements like "this is the cause of that," "this is the dharma of that," "this is the modifier of that," "this is the proof of that," and "this is the general of that" would be impossible. This is because all these relationships are established through mutual dependence.
* **Karika 74** criticizes the views of those who hold absolute dualism (*ubhayakanta*) and absolute non-dualism (*anubhayakanta*). It points out the contradiction inherent in the former and the inability of the latter to express itself using the term "anubhaya" (non-dual).
* **Karika 75** demonstrates the establishment of the nature of reality through *syadvada*. It states that the relationships of dharma-dharmi, karya-karana, visheshana-visheshya, and pramana-prameya are established through dependence. However, their nature is inherently established. In reality, the nature of effect in effect, cause in cause, proof in proof, and object of proof in object of proof is inherently established and not dependent on anything else.